*

Montreal Protocol OVERVIEW

*a protocol submitted to the Vienna

Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.

*is an international treaty designed to

The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2006

*Opened for signature on September 16,

1987

*Entered into force on January 1, 1989 *all United Nation members, as well as Niue,
the Cook Islands, the Holy See and the European Union

*First Meeting: Helsinki, May 1989

* it has undergone seven revisions, in 1990

(London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999 (Beijing)

*The treaty is structured around several

groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that have been shown to play a role in ozone depletion. contain either chlorine or bromine

*All of these ozone depleting substances

*the treaty provides a timetable on which the

production of those substances must be phased out and eventually eliminated

*Many CFCs have been widely used

as refrigerants propellants (in aerosol applications), and solvents. reactivity, and low flammability of the CFCs and HCFCs.

* Applications exploit the low toxicity, low

*the treaty provides a timetable on which the

production of those substances must be phased out and eventually eliminated

Montreal Protocol % Reduction in Consumption and Year to be Production, Using Implemented the Cap as a Baseline 2004 35.0%

2010

75.0%

2015

90.0%

2020 2030

99.5% 100.0%

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Importance of Ozone
Ozone is present in the stratosphere. The stratosphere reaches 30 miles above the Earth, and at the very top, it contains ozone. The suns rays are absorbed by the ozone in the stratosphere and thus, do not reach the Earth. Although ozone composes a small part of the atmosphere's total mass, it absorbs more than 99% of the sun's ultraviolet radiation.

Ozone Destruction
Ozone is destroyed by chlorine in the upper atmosphere, a major contributor to this are the CFC's When UV light hits CFC's in the atmosphere the molecules dissociate and pure chlorine molecules that separate react with ozone. Cl + O3 ---> ClO + O2

Effects of Ozone Depletion

A 1% depletion in the ozone layer allows 2% more ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth's surface. Scientists predict that this would raise the incidence of skin cancer by 4% to 5%. It can also cause increase in cases of cataracts, suppress human and animal immune systems, damage fish larvae, kill off micro-organisms on the ocean floor that serve as food for larger marine life, decrease crop yield, and damage man made products such as paints and plastic.

The Protocol
The Protocol brought together parties to phase out their production and consumption of a group of ODS
Whilst progressive, the system put in place by the Protocol had the potential to be difficult to adhere to. For this reason, the text made provision for the possibility of trading ODS production quotas between parties, to offer a degree of flexibility.

Effects and Application

Originally, the Protocol planned for a 50% reduction in CFC production and consumption, in about 10 years. But the adjustments and amendments subsequently adopted have increased the number of substances and tightened the schedule, with the aim of eliminating completely the production of the majority of the regulated substances. It was agreed, from then on, to ban completely numerous CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachlorides, and methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane), as well as several transition substances. These included HCFCs and HBFCs, substitution products for CFCs which had the potential to damage the ozone layer.

Special Arrangements
During the implementation, specific arrangements were made for developing countries. These countries were becoming significant ODS consumers, especially in developing their cold chains (temperature controlled supply chains). They are therefore entitled to a 10 year delay period, linked to the Protocols fixed schedule.

Innovativeness of the Protocol

This system is essentially based on cooperation. If one party is having difficulties fulfilling its obligations, or has reservations regarding their fulfilment towards another party, they can inform the Secretary, who can begin a mediation process. This procedure is then reviewed by the Implementation Committee, which is composed of representatives from parties to the Protocol. Several outcomes are possible: the adoption of the recommendation, a caution, proposals of technical, technological or financial assistance.

Philippine Implementation
The DENR, through the Philippine Ozone Desk (POD) of the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), is the national coordinator for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol in the Philippines.

NCPPs Voucher System

One particular system used to phase out ODS, as implemented by the DENRs National CFC Phaseout Plan (NCPP) Project, was the voucher system, where qualified refrigeration and air conditioning service shops were given fund assistance to acquire equipment they could use for recovering refrigerants. In turn, the recovered refrigerants were turned over to a Collection, Transport and Storage (CTS) facility.

Results
As of August 2012, the facility has collected more than 8,045 kilograms of ODS, almost half of which were mixed refrigerants. These were re-processed and prepared for disposition by legitimate importers, dealers, resellers and end-users.

Efforts made
POD continuously conducted information campaign and other activities to drum up awareness on the protection of the ozone layer. Among these are the conduct of lectures in schools, publication of information materials, and free testing of mobile air conditioners (MAC). In 2010, the Philippine Postal Corporation also released a series of postal stamps depicting the Montreal Protection and the ozone layer.

Philippines has been able to phase out 3,300 ozone depleting potential (ODP) tons in the manufacturing and servicing sectors from 1991 to 2011.
Of these, CFCs constituted 97.8%; halons, 2%; and methyl bromide, 0.2 %.

Philippines Next Step

To phase out the remaining group: hydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFCs (used in foam sprays, fire extinguishers, solvents, and air conditioning units)

Kyoto Protocol Overview

*The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sets binding obligations on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases

*"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations

in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interferences with the climate."

*The Protocol was adopted on December

11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on 16 February 2005 signed and ratified the protocol

*As of September 2011, 191 states have

*The United States signed but did not ratify

the Protocol and Canada withdrew from it in 2011.

*The targets cover emissions of the six

main greenhouse gases, namely: Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

*A greenhouse gas (sometimes

abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range.

*Since the Industrial Revolution, the burning

of fossil fuels have contributed to a 40% increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 280 ppm to 397 ppm

*A greenhouse gas (sometimes

abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range.

*Since the Industrial Revolution, the burning

of fossil fuels have contributed to a 40% increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 280 ppm to 397 ppm

To achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

* a protocol to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

* Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 * Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 3) in
1997 in Kyoto, Japan

*
* COP 1
Berlin Mandate, Berlin 1995 - called upon Annex I countries to set limits

* COP 2

Minesterial Declaration, Geneva

1996
- set legally binding measures

* COP 3

Kyoto Protocol, Japan

1997
- specified targets and timetables

The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol - Aviation fuels - Marine fuels

Reduction by at least 5% below 1990

levels

Commitment period 2008 to 2012

* Energy
* Fuel combustion
* Energy industries * Manufacturing industries
and construction * Transport * Other sectors * Other

Industrial processes
Mineral products Chemical industry Metal production Other production Production of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride Consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride Other

* Fugitive emissions from

fuels

* Solid fuels * Oil and natural gas * Other

* Solvent and other product use

* Agriculture
* Enteric fermentation * Manure management * Rice cultivation * Agricultural soils * Prescribed burning of savannas * Field burning of agricultural residues * Other

* Waste * Solid waste disposal on land

* Wastewater handling * Waste incineration * Other

Land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sink activities

* can provide a relatively cost-effective way of offsetting

emissions by:

increasing the removals of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere

* planting trees * forest management

* reducing emissions
* stopping deforestation

Joint Implementation
* an Annex I Party may implement projects that increase removals
by sinks in another Annex I country.