SESSION 4

SCHEDULING
CPU Utilization: How busy is the CPU ? Throughput: No. of processes completed per unit of time

TYPES OF SCHEDULING
FCFS Shortest Job First Priority Scheduling Round Robin Scheduling Multilevel Queue

DEADLOCKS

1.
2. 3. 4.

Condition for deadlock Mutual Exclusion Hold and Wait No Preemption Circular Wait

Deadlock Prevention Deadlock Avoidance Bankers Algorithm

Compute Available[j] = k for each resource Max is a n m matrix showing max demand for each process Allocation is a n m matrix showing no. of resources of each type used by each process Need is a n m matrix (Max Allocation)

1. Work = Available Finish [i] = FALSE 2. Find i such that Finish [i] = FALSE Need [i] <= WORK 3. WORK = WORK + ALLOCATION Finish [i] = TRUE 4. If Finish [i] = TRUE for all I then the system is in safe state.

OBJECTIVES
What are Networks and why one needs them for business applications? What is the different kind of data communications channels that exists and are there any defined standards for these channels? How many types of networks exist and what are the different topologies that these networks may follow? What are the different components of networks and how one can select a network?

NETWORKS
A Network is interconnection of resources that organization owns. A Network is a technology solution that helps organization to interconnect its hardware, software, databases and various media to achieve interconnectivity between its employees and stakeholders. Data communication or data conferencing allows two or more users to share the common data resource either on the common computer server or their networked computers.

TYPES OF NETWORKS
Local Area Network (LAN) A local area network (LAN) interconnects two or more computers or devices within a relatively small, well-defined area, such as a room, building, or cluster of buildings using physical wires, infrared links or wireless systems. Wide Area Network (WAN) A wide area network (WAN) interconnects two or more computers that are geographically dispersed. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology is the process and method of connecting different nodes in a network. A network can be arranged as per one of the four different topologies: Star Topology Ring Topology Bus Topology Tree Topology Mesh Topology

THE OSI MODEL

NETWORK COMPONENTS

Hubs - Hubs are very simple devices that pass all traffic in both directions between the LAN sections they link. Bridges - Bridges connect two LAN segments that use the same data link and network segments. Switches - Switches are similar to bridges but connect more that two LAN segments. Routers - Routers connect two or more LANs that use the same or different data link protocols but employ the same network protocol. Brouters - Brouters are devices that combine the functions of both bridges and routers; they bridge same data link layer LANs and route different data link layer LANs. Gateways - Gateways connect two or more LANs that use the same or different data link and network protocols.

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Broadly there are two types of network architecture that are being implemented by most of the organizations. Centralized Distributed

Client-Server Peer to peer

DATA TRANSMISSION

Baud Rate: It is the rate at which data are transferred. Baud is often equated with bits per second (bps). Two factors that determine the rate at which data can be transmitted are the bandwidth of the communication channel and the method of data transmission asynchronous or synchronous. Bandwidth of a communication channel determines the rate, or speed, at which data can be transmitted over that channel. Asynchronous transmission of data is a method that sends one character at a time. In Synchronous transmission, blocks of characters are transmitted in timed sequences.

COMMUNICATION

Data Communication: Data communication is the process of sending data electronically from one point to another. Telecommunication, or teleprocessing, is the processing of using communication facilities, such as the telephone system, microwave relays, and satellite to send data between computers. Analog Data Transmissions: Analog data transmission is the transmission of data in a continuous waveform. Digital Data Transmission: Digital data transmission is the transmission of data using distinct on and off electrical states. Modem is a modulation-demodulation device which converts the digital signal to analog and vice-versa.

COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
A communication channel is the medium, or pathway, along which data are transmitted between devices. Communication channels fall into two basic types: cable and wireless. Types of cables Copper cables 10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseF, 10BaseT etc Fibre optic cables

CABLING IN THE NETWORK

Some terms Resistance Impedance Noise RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) and EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) Attenuation Cross Talk

THE ETHERNET
ALOHA Protocol CSMA\CD Unstructured cabling Structured cabling

Consistency Support for multi vendor equipment Easy to add / modify in the network Easy for Troubleshooting Support for future applications

CABLES
Unshielded Twisted Pair (Cat1-Cat5, Enhanced Cat5, Cat6, Augmented Cat6) Shielded Twisted Pair Coaxial cables Fibre Optic Cable

FIBRE OPTIC CABLES

Fibre Core Fibre Cladding Sheath

TYPES OF FIBRE
Single mode Multi mode Step index Graded index Packing density of FOC It is the number of fibres per cable cross sectional area

ADVANTAGES OF FOC
No question of EMI or electrical cross talk Light does not interfere with other electrical signals Lower attenuation Wider bandwidth Thinner and lighter than copper cables Not damaged by cabling in high voltage areas Greater data security Less susceptible to temperature fluctuations

Thank You