OPTICAL FIBRE

Presented by
Varun kumar



Submitted to
Mr. Jitendra sir
Summary
1.Introduction
2.Structer & Construction
3.Parts
4.Principle
5.Types of fibre
6.Applications
7.Advantages of fibre
8.Question Session
1.Introduction

An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber
made of a pure glass (silica) not much wider
than a human hair. It functions as a
waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light
between the two ends of the fiber
2.Structer & Construction
Core
Glass or plastic with a higher index of
refraction than the cladding
Carries the signal
Cladding
Glass or plastic with a lower index of
refraction than the core
Buffer
Protects the fiber from damage and
moisture
Jacket
Holds one or more fibers in a cable
3.Parts

Optical fibers typically include a transparent
core surrounded by a transparent cladding
material with a lower index of refraction
4.Principle

An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide
(nonconducting waveguide) that transmits light along its axis, by
the process of total internal reflection
|
.
|

\
|
= >

1
2
1
1
sin
n
n
c
u u
Light confined to core if propagation angle
is greater than the critical angle
-Total internal reflection (TIR)=
5.Types of fibre

Singlemode Fiber
Multimode Step-Index Fiber
Multimode Graded-Index Fiber
Singlemode Fiber
Singlemode fiber has a core diameter of 8 to 9
microns, which only allows one light path or
mode
Images from arcelect.com (Link Ch 2a)
Index of
refraction
Multimode Step-Index Fiber
Multimode fiber has a core diameter of 50 or
62.5 microns (sometimes even larger)
Allows several light paths or modes
This causes modal dispersion some modes take longer to
pass through the fiber than others because they travel a
longer distance





See animation at link Ch 2f
Index of
refraction
Multimode Graded-Index Fiber
The index of refraction gradually changes
across the core
Modes that travel further also move faster
This reduces modal dispersion so the bandwidth is greatly
increased
Index of
refraction
Fiber Optic Cable
Protects the fibers
wherever they are
installed
May have 1 to over 1000
fibers

Fiber-optic communication
Optical fiber can be used as a medium for
telecommunication and computer networking
because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables
6.Applications
An optical fiber junction box. The yellow cables are
single mode fibers; the orange and blue cables are
multi-mode fibers: 50/125 m OM2 and 50/125 m
OM3 fibers respectively.
Presented By The Fiber Optic Association
2004, The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.
Fiber Optic Applications

Outside Plant vs Premises Installations

7. Advantages of Fiber
Fiber has these advantages compared with
metal wires
Bandwidth more data per second
Longer distance
Faster
Special applications like medical imaging and
quantum key distribution are only possible with
fiber because they use light directly