CPO Science Foundations of Physics

Chapter 9

Unit 2, Chapter 6

Unit 2: Motion and Force in One Dimension

Chapter 6: Forces and Equilibrium

6.1 Mass, Weight and Gravity

6.2 Friction

6.3 Equilibrium of Forces and Hookes Law

Chapter 6 Objectives
1. Calculate the weight of an object using the strength of gravity (g) and mass. 2. Describe the difference between mass and weight. 3. Describe at least three processes that cause friction. 4. Calculate the force of friction on an object when given the coefficient of friction and normal force. 5. Calculate the acceleration of an object including the effect of friction. 6. Draw a free-body diagram and solve one-dimensional equilibrium force problems. 7. Calculate the force or deformation of a spring when given the spring constant and either of the other two variables.

Chapter 6 Vocabulary Terms

mass weight weightless g-force friction normal force extension net force free-body diagram compression spring constant deformation restoring force coefficient of friction engineering design cycle

static friction sliding friction rolling friction viscous friction air friction

lubricant equilibrium ball bearing dimension spring Hookes law

subscript prototype coefficient of static friction

6.1 Mass, Weight, and Gravity

Mass is a measure of matter.

Mass is constant.
Weight is a force. Weight is not constant.

6.1 Mass, Weight, and Gravity

The weight of an object depends on the strength of gravity wherever the object is. The mass always stays the same.

6.1 Weight

Gravity (9.8 m/sec2) Weight force (N)

Fw = mg
Mass (kg)

6.1 Free fall and weightlessness

An elevator is accelerating downward at 9.8 m/sec2.
The scale feels no force because it is falling away from your feet at the same rate you are falling.

As a result, you are weightless.

6.1 Calculate weight

How much would a person who weighs 490 N (110 lbs) on Earth weigh on Jupiter?
The value of g at the top of Jupiters atmosphere is 23 N/kg.

(Since Jupiter may not actually have a surface, on means at the top of the atmosphere.)

6.1 Calculate force

A 10-kilogram ball is supported at the end of a rope. How much force (tension) is in the rope?

6.1 Mass, Weight, and Gravity

Key Question: What is speed and how is it measured?

*Students read Section 6.1 BEFORE Investigation 6.1

6.2 Friction
Friction results from relative motion between objects.
Frictional forces are forces that resist or oppose motion.

6.2 Types of Friction

Static friction

Sliding friction
Rolling friction

6.2 Types of Friction

Air friction Viscous friction

6.3 Equilibrium and Hooke's Law

When the net force acting on an object is zero, the forces on the object are balanced.
We call this condition equilibrium.

6.3 Equilibrium and Hooke's Law

Newtons second law simply requires that for an object to be in equilibrium, the net force, or the sum of the forces, has to be zero.

6.3 Equilibrium and Hooke's Law

Many problems have more than one force applied to an object in more than one place.

6.3 Calculate net force

Four people are pulling on the same 200 kg box with the forces shown. Calculate the acceleration of the box.

6.3 Calculate force using equilibrium

Two chains are used to lift a small boat. One of the chains has a force of 600 newtons. Find the force in the other chain if the mass of the boat is 150 kilograms.

6.3 Equilibrium and Hooke's Law

The most common type of spring is a coil of metal or plastic that creates a force when it is extended (stretched) or compressed (squeezed).

6.3 Equilibrium and Hooke's Law

The force from a spring has two important characteristics:
The force always acts in a direction that tries to return the spring to its unstretched shape. The strength of the force is proportional to the amount of extension or compression in the spring.

6.3 Hooke's Law

Force (N)

F=-kx

Deformation (m)

Spring constant N/m

6.3 Calculate force

A spring with k = 250 N/m is extended by one centimeter. How much force does the spring exert?

6.3 Equilibrium and Hooke's Law

The restoring force from a wall is always exactly equal and opposite to the force you apply, because it is caused by the deformation resulting from the force you apply.

6.3 Calculate using equilibrium

The spring constant for a piece of solid wood is 1108 N/m. Use Hookes law to calculate the deformation when a force of 500 N (112 lbs) is applied.

6.3 Equilibrium of Forces and Hooke's Law

Key Question: How do you predict the force on a spring?

*Students read Section 6.3 AFTER Investigation 6.3