GENE REGULATION

HOW DOES A CELL KNOW.

which gene to EXPRESS & which gene should stay SILENT?

GENE REGULATION

When a gene is EXPRESSED, it is transcribed into mRNA.

When a gene is SILEN T, it is NOT transcribed.

EXPRESSED GENE = TRANSCRIBED SILENT GENE = NOT TRANSCRIBED

EXAMPLE:
Blood sugar Pancreas Insulin Somatic cells Cellular respiration ATP Kinetic energy

QUESTIONWHY THE PANCREASWHY NOT YOUR LUNGS???

GENE REGULATION

Why would a cell NOT want to express a gene?

Wastes energy & materials
ATP

GENE REGULATION

Cells regulate what genes are expressed based on what protein the cell NEEDS.

WHERE DOES GENE REGULATION OCCUR?

Most regulation occurs at the DNA to RNA steptranscription! Why? Conserves the most energy!

LETS LOOK AT A BASIC EXAMPLE OF GENE REGULATION: E.COLI IN OUR GUTFEED OFF WHAT WE PUT INTO OUR
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Proteins amino acids Carbohydrates sugars

PROKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION

In prokaryotes, genes are organized into operons. What is an operon?

A group of genes that code for the same function, and are regulated by the same promoter and operator. One promoter/operator controls the expression of multiple genes.

LETS LOOK AT A BASIC EXAMPLE OF GENE REGULATION: E.COLI IN OUR GUTFEED OFF WHAT WE PUT INTO OUR
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Proteins amino acids Carbohydrates sugars

PROMOTERS

What is a promoter?

Specific DNA base pair sequence that provides a binding site for RNA polymerase. Promotes or allows transcription to occur

LETS LOOK AT A BASIC EXAMPLE: E.COLI IN OUR GUTFEED OFF WHAT WE PUT INTO
OUR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

START AND STOP BASE PAIR SEQUENCES

What do they do?

Control where transcription starts and stops.

If changed (mutated), transcription is altered.

AUG

UAA UAG UGA

LETS LOOK AT A BASIC EXAMPLE: E.COLI IN OUR GUTFEED OFF WHAT WE PUT INTO
OUR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

OPERATORS

What is an operator?
Like an on/off switch.

Proteins bind to the operator to regulate transcription.

LETS LOOK AT A BASIC EXAMPLE: E.COLI IN OUR GUTFEED OFF WHAT WE PUT INTO
OUR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

REPRESSOR PROTEINS

What is a repressor protein?

Binds to the operator to physically blocks the RNA polymerase from the promoter site.

BINDS HERE

BLOCKS THE PROMOTER

EUKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION

Eukaryotic DNA has exons and introns. What are exons?

The coding regions of DNA that are expressed into proteins. Non-coding regions of the DNA.

What are introns?

EUKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION

EUKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

One chromosome may have several genes. Not all the genes will be transcribed and translated. The genes that are transcribed and translated determine the type of cell.

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

So these cells all have the exact same DNA, but each cell uses different segments of the DNA during transcription.

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkUgkDLp2iE

4.46 TRP OPERON

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10YWgqmAEsQ