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Albert Schweitzer
: "We must all die. But that I can save him from days of torture, that is what I feel is my great ever-new privilege. Pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself".
Introduction
Pain started before the start of life itself Old records include Babylonian clay tables; papyrus written in the days of pyramid builders; Persian leathern documents; inscriptions from Mycenae; parchment rolls of Troy
All ancient biographies had a chapter on Pain In Mesopotamia (Iraq) about 3000 BC, asu used drugs and surgery for pain treatment An 8th century BC Assyrian alabaster relief shows a priest carrying opium poppies
The Egyptians considered pain a result of spirits of dead In Hearst papyrus, 1550 BC, a mixture of beer, juniper and yeast was used for pain relief Use of hyoscyamus, scopolamine and the opium poppy is shown
In China, Emperor Shan Nung (2800 BC) originated the Nei Ching, that body of medical knowledge describing acupuncture The principles of chi and qin were described Needling in 12 meridians regulates the balance Chinese pharmacopoeia included ephedrine, the willow plant (containing salicylic acid), the Siberian wort, an antispasmodic (for back pain)
Asclepius and family constituted combined healing practices In Homers Odyssey, Helen of Troy provides Ulysses and companions with a drug to lull pain and anger, and bring forgetfulness to every sorrow Opium was included in Pharmakia
Hippocrates stressed studying the patient rather than the disease Areteus (100 to 200 AD) described migraine headaches In Homers Odyssey, Helen of Troy provides Ulysses and companions with a drug to lull pain and anger, and bring forgetfulness to every sorrow Opium was included in Pharmakia
Galen, considered patients phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric and melancholic Galen increased the list of the Theriaca, an ancient antidote and panacea to 70 and later on to 100 ingredients along with snake venom and opium Christians destroyed many classic texts Scientific inquiry and experimentation was suppressed
Islam encouraged the preservation of all learning and knowledge Arabs developed pharmacy and chemistry Arabs pioneered development of efficiently run hospitals
Avicenna (980 to 1037 AD) a prominent physician and scholar described a range of analgesics He wrote Canon Medicinae, was still taught in Western medical schools 600 years later in 17th century Refrigeration anaesthesia also discussed by Avicenna. He wrote, The most powerful of narcotics is opiumand the least powerful are snow and ice water
Paracelsus challenged old misconceptions He described the effect of ether on chickens, quiets all suffering and relieves all pain Mixed opium with alcohol to form Laudanum
Ambrose Pare described pain relief with pressure Johannes Esmarck used rubber bandage in 1875
In 1807 Dominique-Jean Larry, Napoleons Surgeon general reported that -19 degree weather in the Russian compaign, allowed him to perform painless amputations on the battle field In 1817, FWA Serturner isolated morphine from opium
In 1842, Dr. Crawford W. Long administered first ether anaesthesia In 1846, William T. G. Morton made a public demonstration of ether anaesthesia In 1874, James Simpson pioneered the use of chloroform John Snow administrated chloroform to Queen Victoria
In 1853, Rynd in Ireland and Pravaz in France developed hypodermic needle and syringe On September 15, 1884, Carl Koller reported use of cocaine for ophthalmology New local agents developed In 1895 x-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen
1930-1945 was a rapid development era Leriche described in The Surgery of Pain the treatment of Causalgia and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy John J. Bonica established first multidisciplinary pain center at university of Washington He experimented and perfected epidural techniques during labour He pioneered IASP
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