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Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted." - Albert Einstein
(1879-1955)

INTRODUCTION Weather: Windy Place: Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA Date: December 17, 1903 Time: Midmorning Mans first flight in a heavier-than-aircraft. It lasted 12 seconds. It covered 120 feet. Wilbur and Orville Wright. The Wright Brothers. Inventors of the first aircraft. Changed the world forever. George Cayley, an Englishman, FATHER OF AERIAL NAVIGATION, invented small- & full-scale gliders, 19th century. Charles Lindberghs dramatic solo flight from New York to Paris in 1972 paved the way for the acceptance of air transportation.

GROWTH OF AVIATION ACTIVITY The growth of aviation activity since the WWII has been extraordinary & unprecedented. United States air travel grew from 4.3Billion passenger miles in 1945 to 307.6Billion in 1986. Air freight increases an average of more than 9 percent annually since 1947. The air travel will continue growing in the years ahead with the factors like population, wealth & education as indicators. Though it continues to grow, it will be likely that the rapid growth rate stabilize to a lower and steadier rate that is close to the rate of population growth being modified to some degree by socio-economic changes.

NATURE OF THE PROBLEM There is an interaction between various components of the problem, and the goals and requirements of one component of the problem will often conflict with the needs of the other. The overall task is an iterative one.

AIRPORT DENMAND Before engineering plans & designs for a new airport is made, a field study about the future needs for airport facilities. Airport demand studies include forecasts of annual, peak day, and peak hour volumes of passengers and aircraft, types of forecast usage(i.e. leisure, freight, business), as well as factors concerning size of community to be served; economic & population growth. Experience has shown that the communitys aviation activity is primarily dependent on: (1) population & population density of the city being served; (2) economic character of the city and; (3) the proximity of the airport to other airports.

AIRPORT DENMAND National Airport System Plan, prepared and maintained by the Federal Aviation Administration which lists recommendations for the future airport needs to promote the development of adequate national system of airports. Once forecasts of annual air passengers are made, these must be converted to a pear hourly flow by using empirically based relationships, for example; Average monthly passengers = 0.08517 x annual passnger flow Average dail passengers = 0.03226 x average monthly flow Peak-day flow = 1.26 x average daily flow Peak-hour flow = 0.0917 x peak daily flow

SELECTION OF AIRPORT SITE The single most important aspect of planning & designing an airports is the selection of an airport site. Contemporary trends have complicated the problem of selection of airport site: a. Urbanization vastly occurred resulting to land scarcity b. Faster & larger aircraft have appeared requiring longer runways & more aircraft service space along with increased automobile parking & circulation service c. The requirements & desires of the public regarding air passenger services have become more elaborate & sophisticated. 10 Factors that needs to be considered in selecting an airport site: 1. Convenience to users 2. Availability of land use & land costs 3. Design & layout of the airport 4. Airspace obstructions 5. Engineering factors 6. Social & environmental factors 7. Availability of utilities 8. Atmospheric conditions

RUNWAY ORIENTATION Because of obvious advantages of landing & taking off into the wind, runways are oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind. Aircrafts may not maneuver safely on a runway when the wind contains a large component at right angle to the direction of travel. Wind Rose Method: A graphical procedure utilizing a wind rose typically is used to determine the best runway orientation insofar as prevailing winds are concerned.

OBJECTS AFFEECTING NAVIGABLE AIRSPACE An object is an obstruction to air navigation if it is of greater height than any of the following heights of surface: 1. A height of 500ft above ground level at the site of object 2. A height that is 200ft above ground level or above the established airport elevation, whichever is higher, within 3 nautical miles of the established reference point of an airport. 3. A height within a terminal obstacle clearance area, including an initial approach segment, a departure area, and a circulating approach area, that would result in the vertical distance between any points on the object & an established minimum instrument flight altitude within the area or segment to be less than the required obstacle clearance.

RUNWAY CAPACITY Runway capacity, which is normally the determining element of airport capacity, refers to the ability of a runway system to accommodate aircraft operations (i.e. take off & landing). It s expressed in operations per unit time, typically operations per hour or operations per year. Airport capacity research is based upon the assumption of continuous backlog of aircraft landing & taking off. This is called ultimate or saturated capacity. Though the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has employed a concept of practical capacity, an empirical-based measure corresponds to a specified reasonable or tolerable delay. Ultimately, the runway capacity is based upon the considerable extent of types & relative percentages of various groups of aircraft combination termed as aircraft mix. Generally, the greater the percentage of large aircraft, the smaller the runway capacity.

RUNWAY CONFIGURATION Inherent in the layout of an airport is the need to arrange a given runway efficiently in relation to other service facilities such as the terminal, hangars, etc. Runway configuration is a principal factor affecting capacity. Practically speaking, it is the only factor an airport planner can change & bring about an increase in capacity in meeting future demands. Configuration of multiple runways will depend on the minimum spacing required for safety, prevailing wind, topographic features of the airport site among others.

FUN FACTS & TRIVIAS

The purpose of compacting or compressing the soil is to: A) Increasing the strength of the soil to carry structural loads B) Reduce how much the structure will sink into the ground ANSWER: Allof of the C) Decrease leaking water through the soil

above!

Pro Deo, Familia et Patria

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