PRESUPPOSITION

Presupposition - meaning assumed as the truth prior to an addressers utterance - an assumption held by the interlocutor (Co-speaker) and in the mind of the speaker although limited or no informaion about the (social) context at all
The information that a speaker assumes to be already known. (The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language, 1987)

Proposition is symbolized as (=p), (=q), atau (=r) Presupposition is indicated by >> a.Alis cat is black (=p) b.Ali has got a cat (=q) c.q>>p(q presupposes p)

Proposition in a negative sentence is indicated by (=not p) Presupposition still applies and is the same as the previous presuppostion and is called constancy under negation a.Alis cat is not black (=not p) b.Ali has got a cat (=q) c.q>>Not p

a. b. c. d.

We know he runs (=p) We do not know he runs (=not p) He runs (=q) p>>q & not p>>q

Kinds of Presupposition 1. Existance/Existential Presuppostion Existence Presupposition is coded by possesives or nominal phrases Johans cat (>> Johan has (got) a cat) King of England (>> England has a king) The depth of the sea (>>the sea is deep) The statement of the president (>>the president made a statement)

2. Factive presupposition a. Factive presupposition is indicated by verbs of know, realize, regret/sorry, happy, odd/strange We know he goes (>>he goes) We are sorry he goes (>> he goes) We are pleased he goes (>> he goes) We feel strage he goes (>> he goes)

b. non-factive presupposition pretend, act, desire, dream - He pretended that he could do the work (>>he could not do the work) - Ben desired to complete his thesis (>>Ben did not complete his thesis) c. Counterfactive Presuppostion (conditionals) - If I were ill (>>I am not ill) - I wish he came here (>>he does not come here)

3. Lexical Presupposition Indicated by manage, stop, start, again. He managed to arrest the thief (>>he arrested the thief) He stopped smoking (>>previously he smoked) He starts smoking (>>he didnt smoke before) He smoked again (>>he smoked previously)

4. Structural Presupposition Structural presupposition is coded by structure and types of sentence Interrogative: existence presupposition When did he leave? (>>he left)
What is the speed when the car passed the red light? (>> the car passed through the red light) A: Did you take the wallet? B: No, sir. I swear I didnt, for Gods sake. A: Well, I know your situation and if I were you I could not stand that. advise you not to do that again, will you? B: Yes, sir. (>> B took the wallet)

Entailment
- meaning derived or inferred from the interlocutors (Cospeaker) utterance (often in semantics).
Difference between entailmant and presupposition - Entailment is derivable from the text, presupposition preforms in the interlocutors mind. - Entailment is from the addressees (listener) perspective whereas presupposition from the addresser (speaker) Examples Alis cat ran into the garden. (>> has a cat; the speaker assumed that the interlocutor knows that Ali has got a cat) Alis cat ran into the garden. (entailment: the listener concludes that Ali has a cat and there is a garden in the nearby )

His step mother loves Adi very much (>> 1. the speaker refutes the assumption that a step mother is always harsh to her step child, 2. Adi has got a step motherhis mother died or left him 3. Step mothers are always harsh or strict to her step children) His step mother loves Adi very much (entailment: 1. Adis father got married more than once, 2. Adi has got a step mother, 3. Adis step mother is kind to him) A: Did you take the wallet? B: No, sir. I swear I didnt, for Gods sake. A: Well I know your situation and if I were in your situation I could not stand that. I advise you not to do that again, will you? B: Yes, sir. (>>A suspects B took the wallet; >>/entailment B took the wallet)

My son never annoys me. I was surprised when I found that he betrayed me and left the school with no allowance from the teacher. (>>1. I have a son. 2. My son betrayed me. 3. A learner who leaves school must obtain allowance/permission from the teahcer) (entailment: 1. My son annoyed me, 2. ) A: How is her academic performance? B: I think she can cope with new situations, socially welladjusted and as far as I know she was much involved in extra-curricular activities. (entailment: she got an academic performance, which is of peculiarity to know. 2 It is me that judges her performance) (>>: bad) A: What university did you graduate from? B: XXX A: Oh I see. Now I know how they managed the university (>> bad)

Presupposition and Entailment

A: You intended to buy milk and sugar, did you? B: I managed to get the sugar and you know my little baby is crying the whole night. A: I see
Presupposition: >>economic condition is extremely bad Entailment: the baby cried the whole night because of the absence of milk, it is pretty hard even to get sugar

1. Kau pikirkanlah tadi malam si Ani marah dan merajuk tak mau lagi naik mobil itu, katanya Fortuner baru dia mau dan maunya versi 9.. Katanya itu yang biasa dipakai kawannya di Harapan...Itulah kebiasaan di situ dan tidak mau lagi ke Genting, katanya bosan maunya ke Kwoon Loon...pusing (>>... Kaitan... 2. Tidak benar itu semua, Pak. Malam itu bulan purnama dan dia bersama saya. Kami duduk bersama di taman itu sampai pukul 11 dan malam itu gerhana bulan. Saya tidak tahu apa yang terjadi kemudian. Tiga hari kemudian Hari Raya dan pada malam Hari Raya itu saya mendapat telepon dari rumah sakit bahwa dia sudah meninggal. (>>... Kaitan)

Exercise:
Mary stopped running. (>>?.) You are late again. (>> ?.) Are you still such a bad driver? (>> ?) She has stopped smoking (>> ?) My dog ate my bag (>> ?) If you were my daughter, I would not allow you to do this. ( >> ?) If I were rich I would buy a Ferrari (>> ?) I dreamed that I was rich. (>> ?) We imagined that we were in London. (>> ?) When did she travel to the USA? ( >> ?) Where did you buy the book? (>> ?)