3.

0 ELECTROMAGNETISM

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3.1 Magnetic effect of a current-carrying conductor

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Electromagnets

Electromagnet is a magnet in which a magetic field is produced by the flow electric current A simple electromagnet can be formed by sending an electric current through coil of wire wuond around an iron core

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Magnetic field pattern

1.

2.

Rule to determine the direction of the mgnetic field Right-hand grip rule for a straight wire and coil Thumb of a clenched pointing in the direction of the conventional current and the fingers indicate the direction of the magnetic digrram
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Solenoid

Diagram The thumb points towards the north pole of the magnetic field while the fingers indicate the direction of the current in the solenoid

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Magnetic field strength

The field strength incereases with current. Thus,a stronger magnetic field exists near appliances and decreases with distance The field strength incereases with a numberof turns of wire

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Use of electromagnets

Electric bell Electromagnetic relay Maglev train

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3.2 The force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

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Force produceed by the combined magnetic field Catapult force

When a current carrying conductor is place in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet The two magnetic field involved are (i) magnetic field of the permanent magnet (ii)mangetic field produced by the current-carrying conductor
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The two magnetic field interact to produce a resultant field known as a catapult field Diagram

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Flemings left-hand rule

Diagram The thumb given the direction of the force The first finger shows the direction of the magnetic field The center finger points in the direction of the current

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Turning Effect of a current-carrying coil in a Magnetic Field

Two sides of the coil produce circular magnetic field lines in opposite direction The interation between the magnetic field of the current and the magneticfield of the permanent magnet produces a resultant magnetic field

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The catapult field produced pushes the upward direction and pushes downwards The two force which are in opposite direction constitute a couple which producea turning effect and the coil rotates

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Turning force on a current-carrying coil in magnetic field

Ammeter Direct current motor Factor that affect the speed of rotation of an electric motor a. increasing the current b. using the strong magnet c. increasing the number of turns on the coil

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3.3 Electromagnetic induction

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How induced e.m.f. is produced

The production of an electric current by a changing magnetic field The induced current is produced only when these is relative motion between the conductor or coil and the magnetic field line

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Faradays laws
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux experienced by the conductor The magnitude of e.m.f increases when 1. the wire is moved faster 2. a stronger magnet is used 3. the length of the wire in the magnetic field is increases 4. the number of turns on coil 5. the cross-sectional area of coil

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Lenzs laws

Lenzs law state that the direction of the induced e.m.f. is such that its magnetic effect alawys oppose the change producing diagram

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Application of electromagnetic induction

Direct current

1. 2.

Altenating current Sinusoidal trace Magnitude change

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3.4 Transformers

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Function of a Transformer

The equipment used to raise or lower the potential difference of an alternating currrent supply Important role in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction

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Constructing of a transformer

Diagram A simple transfomer consists of two coils wound on a laminated iron core The coil which is connected to the power supply whose voltage is called primary coil, NP and supply voltage is called the primary voltage, VP The other coil which connected to the electrical equipment or resistor is called secondary coil.NS and voltage accros it is called secondary voltage, VS
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Operating principle of aTransformer

The operating principle of a transformer is base on electromagnetic induction The current from power supply that is conneted to primary coil is ac Ac produce a flux or magnetic field lines which link the primary coil and secondary coil. The magnetic flux produced varies in magnitude and direction

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Step-down and Step-up transformer

1.
2.

Step-down VP > VS NP > NS

1. 2.

Step-up VP < VS NP < NS

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Relationship between Voltage and number of turns

For ideal transfomer (efficiency of 100%) Secondary = number of secondary voltage turns primary number of primary voltage turns VS = Ns Vp Np
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Efficiency and ideal of a transformer

Efficiency = output power x 100% input power Ideal transformer which has an efficiency of 100% Output power =Input power Po =Pi Vs Is =Vp Ip
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Factors that affect the Efficiency and Ways to improve

1.

Factor that cause energy Resistance of coil:Energy is lost as heat in the coil Magnetisation and demagnetiisation of iron core

1.

2.

2.

Way to minimise energy losses Thick copper wire to reduce the resistance of the coil A soft iron core which can be magnetised and demagnetised easily
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3. Eddy currents in iron core 4. Leakage of magnetic flux

3. The iron core is laminated 4. Secondary coil wound over the primary coil

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3.5 The Generation and Transmission of Electricity

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Sources of energy

1.

2.

Non renewable The energy cannot be replaced once they are depleted Fossil fuels: Coal, petroleum and nutral gas Nuclear fuel

1. 2.

3.
4.

Renewable Continually being replaced Hydropower Biomass Solar energy Wind power

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