makes all motion possible There are three diffrent kinds of muscles in our body: cardiac, smooth, skeletal.

Involuntary

muscles found only in the heart

Involuntary

make up the internal organs, such as the stomach, throat, small intestine, and all the others, except the heart.

the

only voluntary muscles of the body Includes all the muscles that move the bones and show external movement.

TENDONS connect the muscles to the bones

LIGAMENTS hold the bones together

very complex system in the body. controls and organizes all body activity divided into two main systems, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system.

made up of the spinal cord and the brain

consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

consists of many parts that function as an integrated whole the major parts are the medulla, pons and midbrain (brainstem), the cerebellum, the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the cerebrum

transmits impulses to and from the brain located within the vertebral canal

12 pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain

Olfactory nerve - sense of smell II. Optic nerve - sense of sight III. Oculomotor nerve - movement of the eyeball, constriction of pupil in bright light IV. Trochlear nerve - movement of eyeball V. Trigeminal nerve - sensation in face, scalp and teeth, contraction of chewing muscles
I.

Abducens nerve - movement of the eyeball VII Facial nerve - sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles, secretion of saliva VIII Acoustic (vestbulocochlear) nerve - sense of hearing, sense of equilibrium IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve - sense of taste, sense for cardiac, respiratory and blood pressure reflexes; contraction of pharynx; secretion of saliva
VI.

Vagus nerve - sensory in cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes; sensory and motor to larynx (speaking), decreases heart rate; contraction of alimentary tube(peristalsis); increases digestive secretions XI. Accessory nerve - contraction of neck and shoulder muscles; motor to larynx (speaking) XII. Hypoglossal nerve
X.

- movement of the tongue

there are 21 pairs that emerge from the spinal cord carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.

 made

up of the digestive and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food Organs that make up the digestive tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestinealso called the colonrectum, and anus. Two solid digestive organs, the liver and the pancreas, produce digestive juices

movement of the intestines that pushes food along the next part of the digestive system

solid waste material discharged from the body through the rectum and anus

made up of the organs in your body that help you to breathe. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body and to take away carbon dioxide.

the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is breathed out. The red blood cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the lungs and carrying the oxygen to all the body cells that need it.

sometimes

called the windpipe. filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi.

two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs.

a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs the main muscle used in breathing.

 Air

enters the nostrils passes through the nasopharynx, the oral pharynx through the glottis into the trachea into the right and left bronchi, which branches and rebranches into bronchioles, each of which terminates in a cluster of alveoli

made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.

the strongest muscle divided into two sides. The right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygensoaked blood out to your body.

tough,

elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. The smallest arteries are called arterioles. Arteries carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries.

carry

the blood to the heart. The smallest veins are called venules The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much oxygen. Veins have thin walls.

the smallest of blood vessels. They serve to distribute oxygenated blood from arteries to the tissues of the body and to feed deoxygenated blood from the tissues back into the veins

group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. The substances are filtered out from the body in the form of urine Urinary organs include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

filter for the blood. The body has two kidneys located in the middle of the back at about the location of the elbows. Blood is pumped from the heart to the kidneys to be cleaned.

two

tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

a hollow, muscular and distendible or elastic organ The urinary bladder can hold approximately 17 to 18 ounces (500 to 530 ml) of urine, however the desire to micturate is usually experienced when it contains about 150 to 200 ml.

a muscular tube that connects the bladder with the outside of the body. The function of the urethra is to remove urine from the body

 The

male reproductive system is designed for production and transport of sperm cells. The changes in the body of a male are triggered by the hormone testosterone, which is produced in the male sex glands, the testes (testis/testicles). When a baby boy is born, his sex organs are already formed, but he cannot produce sperm.

He is not able to produce sperm until he reaches the age of puberty, 12 or 13 years old. The penis is an elongated muscular organ, full of blood vessels and nerves. It is the external organ in front of the scrotum. It is where semen and urine flow out of the body. The foreskin is the fold of the skin that covers the glands of the penis. It has been a common practice to remove the foreskin soon after birth. The process is called circumcision.

 The

scrotum is the small sac of skin at the base of the penis. This sac contains the testes (testicles). The testes are oval-shaped organs that produce testosterone. Testes produce sperm cells. Production of sperm begins at puberty. The urethra is a canal through which the urine is carried outside the body and through which the semen (whitish liquid containing sperms) is discharged. It is produced chiefly by the prostate gland. Prostate gland produces a fluid called semen that helps sperm to move around.

 The

changes in the body of a female are caused by the hormone estrogen, which is produced in the female sex glands, the ovaries. The ovaries are the primary female sex organs. Egg cells and female hormones are produced here.

 The

two ovaries are located to the right and left of the uterus, to which they are connected by the oviducts or Fallopian tubes. At puberty, ovaries contain hundreds of thousands of undeveloped eggs. These ovaries take turns in releasing an egg every month. The Fallopian tubes are muscular elongations as big as the size of a pencil. They have fingerlike ends. Each tube leads to the uterus.

 The

uterus is a hollow stretchable organ with thick muscular walls lined with many blood vessels. It is about the size of a clenched fist. The cervix is the passageway, connecting the uterus and the vagina. Normally, the cervix is very small, but during childbirth, it opens wide enough to allow for a passage of the fetus.

 The

vagina is a muscular tube with little internal spaces. This is the passage wher menstruation flows out. This is also where sperm cells enter. The vagina is also called the birth canal. When a baby is born, it passes from the uterus through the cervix, and out of the body through the vagina.

 Females

make special cells, called ova or eggs, within their bodies. The Male produce cells in their bodies called sperms. When the sperm cell joins with an ovum inside the females body, fertilization takes place. The fertilized ovum develops into an embryo and continues to grow in the females body. The growing human embryo is later called a fetus.