THE AWARENESS OF VARIETY OF SOCIOCULTURE

Nur Aziemah binti Abdul Aziz Nur Sheila binti Mohd Saad Nurfarah Wahidah binti Mohd Hamid

the awareness of variety of socio-culture

The concept of Nation

Group of people that have the same identity like language, religion, ideology, culture and history

A group of people that has the social background and certain values in common

Almost 99.9% of Malays are Muslims.

POPULATION
- Majority in Malaysia - Minoritiy in Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand - Can be found in Brunei, Phillipines, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Timor Leste

RELIGION

MALAY
Yunnans theory THEORY Nusantaras theory

CHARACTERIST ICS
- Small river named Sungai Melayu, Sumatera 1500 years ago - Maleun-kolon, found in Ptolemy masterpiece 100150 century.

Malay Indonesia Thai Jawi LANGUA

THEORY

GE

ORIGIN OF NAME

Y u n n a n s t h e o r y

Lived in Gua Cha, Kelantan since 1000 years ago. Descend from Semang people - Dark skinned - Thick lips - Curly hair - Big eyes - Wide nose - Short

The movement of Negritorians

The movement of ProtoMalays

Moved to Kepulauan Melayu in 2500 BC. Expert in farming

The movement of DeuteronMalays

Moved to Kepulauan Melayu in 1500 BC.

Lived near to the beach

Expert in surfing

N U S A N T A R A S

Malay is different from Champa

ancients races in Java- Homo Soloinensis and Homo-Wajakensis

Malays were not from IndoChina

Means there were Malays since long time ago in Nusantara

Three proofs

Language used in Nusantara was different compared to Middle-East

Malays were not from Middle-East

ORIGIN DIALECT

From South ChinaFujian and Guangdong Worked as coolies or on their own.

ARRIVAL CHINESE

Buddhist Taoisme Confuniacism Cristian Islam Hindu Bahai Atheism/ Free Thinker

RELIGION LANGUAGE

POPULATION

Hokkien, Hakka, Cantonese, Teochew, Hokchiu, Hainan, Kwongsai, Mandarin, Malay and English

Penang, Malacca, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Sarawak, Sabah and Johor

1st batch
15th century until middle of 20th century

2nd batch During and after 19th century ARRIVAL

Lived in Malacca and Penang

-Formed new race named

Cina Peranakan or Cina Selat -Practise Malays tradition, used Malay and still maintain tradition and identity of Chinese

Maintain tradition and identity of Chinese

Sabah & Sarawak, parts of Johor esp. Kulai & Johor Bahru, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Pahang, Penang, Perak Hakka Selangor,Kuala Lumpur, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, East Johor and Sandakan

Penang, islands in Sabah, Johor Bahru and Pontian

Teochew

Cantonese

DIALEC T

Hainan

Hokkien Foochow

Hokchiu

Penang, Malacca, Kedah, Terengganu, Kelantan, Selangor, West Johor, Kuching

Sibu

Telugu - Estate in Perak Bawah and Selangor Sikh -police or guard Population Community North India - Punjabi, Bengali, Gurjarati, Sindhi - Small business

Hindu, Christian, Islam, Sikh, Bahai

Religion

Indian

Language

Malayalee - Perak Bawah, Kuala Lumpur, Negeri Sembilan, JB

Tamil - From South India, Tamil Nadu

Orang Asli - originated from Proto malays -moved from Yunan to Malaya since 5000 years ago

Professional and work in services

1) Chettiar Tamil descends from Tamil Nadu

RACE
3)Tamil Sri Lanka in Kuala Lumpur Moplah from Kerala Marakkayar from Tamil Nadu 2) South Indian Muslim

Malay

The structure of society/ social class

Chinese

Indian

Orang Asli

Indian merchants

Arts

Indian-based government

How Indian culture

influenced

Social systems

Language and literature - The word negara Political systems - Democratic to feudalistic

Malay culture?

Tradition

Economical system

King

Has the highest position Has power to make decision on everything Power is being passed down on generations Has many specialties Different from commoners- clothes, language, speech and else Lands belong to the king- can force people to work and have the products Excluded from laws- believe that king has mystical power The highest officials are Seri Paduka , Bendahara, Laksamana Introduced the officials titles numerically Orang Besar Berempat, Orang besar Lapan, Orang Besar Enam Belas (used in Pahang, Perak, Kedah) The appointment was determined by astrology. The lowest class of the pyramid No roles in ruling the government

Official

People and slaves

Economy

new rule sistem kerah was being practiced . King could force the people to do his works.
Adat Temenggung was introduced. Civil laws categorised punishment into four categories warning, mocking, compound and torture

Laws and regulations

Aristocrate - Armys captains, high officers in adminstration and local administrators Farmer

- People that produced farming materials

Handyman - All crafts that needed skills and techniques Merchants -the lowest of the society

The Chinese Social Class

-it was assumed that the merchants loved to lie

Always form jatithe combination of families from same social status

Each jati has specific job and standard attitude code

in di an

Jatis position not only depends on acriptive values but also on inraction criteria where ones can used power and wealth
Two groups that formed most jatis Sudra Harijan

Can be organized in hierarchal according to the level of nobleness

Marriage from partners from higher jati can change the status of the jati

Batin

Batin is the head of the villagers and is responsible for every matter marriage, birth, death, administration Appointment based on leardership, skills, moral and values Can be eliminated Temuan- passed down on generations and has to be someone from perut perempuan brother or cousin Jahut- passed down to oldest son, have to have permission from Penghulu Mukim and etc. Now- based on citizens votes Temiar- passed down on generation

Low officers

Jakun: Mangku, Jukrah, Setia Temuan: Tok Jenang ( Ketua Adat), Jerukerah (Wali), Panglima (kebajikan), pemangku (judge)

O r a n g a sl i

2.3 BELIEFS

MALAY BELIEF

CHINESE BELIEF

BELIEF
INDIAN BELIEF INDIGENOUS BELIEF

MALAY BELIEF
Includes taboos, guidance and advices to the next generation in daily life.

Taboo means for bidding from doing something that is believed to bring bad luck.

Taboo is inherited from our ancestors.

MALAY BELIEF
Taboos for pregnant women Taboos for man Taboos for babies

Taboos for girls

Taboos when sleeping

Taboos when eating

Taboos when sitting

Taboos for kids

Taboos in the jungle

They are forbidden to use abusive language, gossiping, doing slander, jealous and fight especially with their mother in-law because they may suffer difficulties when delivering their babies.
They should not hurt animal because it is concern that it will cause the unborn baby the handicap. They are forbidden to see the moon or sun eclipse because it might make the unborn baby handicap or have dark skin. They are forbidden to go out at dusk to prevent from being disturbed by ghost.

Taboos for pregnant women

They are forbidden to grow banana tree because it is afraid that it will makes the baby have unusual large head.

Forbidden to blow flute or windinstrument because the snakes might enter the house. Forbidden to peep when someone in the toilets.

Taboos for man

Forbidden to sleep in the middle of the field, mother may die.

If cannot stand under hot sun, fiance might be stolen by someone.

Forbidden to urinate on termite bunk or private part might be swollen.

Do not sing in the kitchen, you will marry someone who is way older than you expect.

Cannot switch the place when eating, you might married more than once.

Do not eat chicken neck, your neck will be lop on the bridal bed.

Taboos for woman

Cannot sweep rice at night, it will bring misfortune.

Forbidden to eat with overlap plates, you might be second/third/fourth wife of a husband.

Forbidden to cut nails at night, it will bring bad luck.

Babies cannot be reprimanded if they are fat as feared they might be skinny. Just saying semangat. Forbidden to press mouth, they might lost appetite. Forbidden to put babies on the knees, they might get stomache. Taboos for babies Forbidden to kiss them when they are sleeping especially on the ubun-ubun and umbilicus as they will not live long. Napkin cannot be soaked, babies might have stomach upset. Do not wake babies up when they are smiling, laughing and want to cries because they are playing with their placenta.

Forbidden to urinate while standing, the private parts might be touched by ghosts.

standing

Taboos when
sleeping

eating

Forbidden to eat chickens inner organs, might feel sleepy during wedding ceremony. If you dont clean your dishes, it is hard to get in laws. Cannot put the plates on the lap, husband might be stolen by someone. Eat when maghrib is like eating with ghosts

Sleep on the praying mat will get skin infection Sleep after eating, ghost will sleep on the body.
Sleep with rice stuck on the feet will get nightmare Sleep in front of the door will be step by ghosts.

Eat with two legs forward (berlunjur) makes person be lazy.

CHINESE BELIEF
YIN AND YANG

Two opposite principles in nature, but they are part of nature, rely on each other and cant exist without each other.

WHAT?
Yang is seen as masculine, proactive, creative, north of a river and positive principle.

CONCEPT
Yin and yang are rooted in one another. Yin in yang, and yang in yin.

Yin is seen as feminine, passive, reactive, moon, south of a river and negative principle.

In life, you hardly find a situation which is pure yin or pure yang. There are seeds of sadness in happiness; and opportunities in every risk.

The black color - yin the white color - yang complementary and interchangeable. There are two fish-like features.

Humans have to adapt the rhythm of the universe.

People should live in harmony based on three important forces such as sky, earth and human itself.

T a o

Rhythm is known as Tao means how something in the world was crated and how someone should organize their life.

Community also needs to adapt with fengsui which are wind and water, people need to adapt with wind direction and quality of water where they live.

INDIAN BELIEF

Superstitions considered BAD in India

While leaving your house, hearing the shrill the sound of a peacock.

Superstitions considered GOOD in India

If you see an elephant on your way while going somewhere, your purpose going to be lucky. It is believed that Lord Ganesh, the elephant God of Indian metalogy removes all the obstacles on the way.

Nails should not be cut at night for fear of evil spirit.

Food is not cook in the house where death has occur.

Continuous hiccups are considered a sign of someone close badly remembering you.
If the girls horoscope is matching well with the boys horoscope when they get married they will have successful marriage life.

Monday is not good for shaving and Thursday is not good for washing hair.

Practice animisme. It has been influenced by geographic features such as mountains, rivers, natural physical entities including animals, plants or phenomena.

Believed in supernatural and spiritual.

Semai Ethnic believes in supernatural

nyenang (God) and nyanik (ghost and evil).

Believed in evil spirits such as Karei/Engkuu and Penunggu. Karei will get angry if they break the superstitious. Penunggu will protect the geography features. Nyenang controls all the livings in the world. Nyanik will bring bad luck and disease.

Jakun Ethnic (Johor) believes in two

gods. Upper God (Tuhan Atas) and Lower God (Tuhan Bawah). Lower God is a husband to Upper God and protect the earth.

INDGENIOUS BELIEF

Upper God shelters the earth

2.4 LANGUAGE
2.4.1 MALAY LANGUAGE

The national language of Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei, and it is one of four official languages of Singapore. The total number of speakers of the language is more than 300 million. The 4th most important language in the world after Mandarin language, English language and Hindi/ Urdu language.

The Origin
The Malay language originated in Sumatra.

The oldest inscriptions in Malay, Kedukan Bukit Inscription, were found in South Sumatra. Consisting of ten lines, written in Pallawa and Old Malay language.

The Development
The three phases: i) Old Malay - Influenced by Sanskrit and Hindu - Sanskrit: used in daily communication (dukkha- duka, samsara- sengsara) ii) Classical Malay - massive infusion of Arabic, Tamil, Hindi and Sanskrit vocabularies iii) Modern Malay

The Development
Malay Language is also influenced by: i) Javanese language - through classical stories and daily interaction with the Javanese. - e.g: batok- tempurung, adipati- king ii) Arabic language (Islamic religion) - through vocabulary, pronunciation and writing. - e.g: kursiy- kerusi, dunya- dunia, hadyah- hadiah

2.5 CUSTOMS AND RITUALS

2.5.1 MALAY COMMUNITY

Pregnancy and Birth

Common ceremonies: melenggang perut (blessing the belly), cukur jambul (shaving ceremony), berendoi (baby cradling) and berpantang ( confinement).

Melenggang Perut
A coconut with its husk cleanly shaven off is rolled on the tummy of the mother-to-be. The preferred days: Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. Some items required for the ritual: 7 pieces of cloths of different colours, a coconut, a chicken, 3 strands of cords, an egg, tepung tawar, beras kunyit, a small mirror etc.

 The gender of the about-to-born baby is predicted by looking at the way the coconut roll off the belly. Later on, the coconut is halved and its juice is poured into a glass for the pregnant woman to consume. The Malaya believe that coconut juice, if is regularly consumed, will assist in easier delivery of the baby.

The Marriage
The phases:
i) Merisik: "spying" if the young lady is still available Bertandang: visit of the future in-laws to "view" the young lady in question Cincin tanda: exchanging of rings and gifts signifying that she is taken Bertunang: betrothal, formal engagement Bernikah: the official union done by the Imam Kenduri/Bersanding: wedding feast

ii)
iii) iv) v) vi)

The Funeral
Muslims should not show their grief in public. The funeral should take place as soon as possible. The body 's right hand is crossed over the left hand on the chest and is covered from head to feet with a white cloth. Bathing the dead body, except in extraordinary circumstances as in battle of Uhud. Funeral prayer.

 Burial of the dead body in a grave. The surviving members of the deceased scatter flowers and perfumed rose water upon the grave as the last action prior to leaving the grave. Three days after the funeral, a small feast is held at the house for relatives and close friends, another on the seventh day, twentieth day, fortieth day and finally on the hundredth day.

The Visit
To develop a stronger bond and unity among the community. The visit of Muslims will be initiated with salam, then shoe off and handshake with the house owner. If sit on the chair- NO leg crossing. If sit on the floor, men and women have different way of sitting. If the house owner serves food, the visitor should take a bite even if he is full (show of respect).

2.5 CUSTOMS AND RITUALS

2.5.2 INDIAN COMMUNITY

The Pregnancy
Valaikaapu ceremony: protecting baby from any harm and difficulties during birth. To celebrate the approaching birth of the first-born child, the ritual is highlighted by the wearing of new glass bangles by the mother-to-be called as Suulkappu. The sound of these bangles is supposed to reach the womb and have good effects on the unborn child. The bangles are removed only during delivery of the baby and given to the midwife.

The Delivery
Once the baby has been delivered, attention is given to what time the birth took place, as this will determine an accurate horoscope for the child. As soon as the baby is born, the midwife will whisper the Gayatri Mantiram in the babys ears before the umbilical cord is removed. During the time following the delivery, the mother and child continue to be separated from the rest of the household.

 On the 16th day, the name giving ceremony is held. The baby is put in the cradle and the name is made known to the public. The name is chosen based on the horoscope and the birth date of the baby, which is believed will be of great influence to the babys personality.

The Marriage
Spying custom (adat merisik): - Several areas of concern such as ethnicity, sub-ethnic, caste and religion as well as economic and social status are taken into account. Pen paarttal custom: - Prospective groom would visit the prospective bride to see the looks and physique of the prospective bride. - Gifts such as coconuts, betel leaves, areca nut, sandalwood, fruits, sounds and kumkum pow der are brought. - If the prospective bride accepts the proposal, the gifts will be taken and vice versa.

 Ordinary parisam - gifts giving earlier than the wedding day. Udan parisam - gifts giving on the day of the wedding. Tjrumaanggalyam (preparing the Thaali) - is held 7-9 days before the wedding. - 3 days before the wedding, thaali will be placed in the temple. Mukuurtta Kaal - placing a tree in the house to show that a wedding is about to be held.

The Funeral
A belief in the cyclical reincarnation of the soul is one of the foundations of the Hindu religion. Cremation: a ritual designed to do much more than dispose of the body; it is intended to release the soul from its earthly existence. Religious pictures are turned to the wall, and in some traditions mirrors are covered. Relatives are beckoned to bid farewell and sing sacred songs at the side of the body.

 Thaali vangutal - the thaali is removed from the wife after the husband passed away. - the thaali is put in the tray and kept in the house. Vaaikkarisi ceremony - The body is put into the coffin and the women will put some food into the mouth. - Women are prohibited from going to the graveyard. - The grandchildren and great grandchildren of the deceased have to hold the neippantam and walk clockwise around the deceased for three times.

2.5 CUSTOMS AND RITUALS

2.5.3 IBAN COMMUNITY

The Birth
The husband is prohibited from doing some activities while the wife is expecting. Confinement period: 30 days where the wife sits near the campfire (bersalai). The visitors should not say good words to the baby and say the bad ones otherwise. The babys name should be taken from one of the ancestors. Tanju: the baby will be taken outside to undergo the sun-seeing ceremony. Prayers are recited for the baby to grow up and be a good and perfect human being.

The Marriage
Mengayap: the prospective groom will do the spying ceremony on the woman that he wants to marry. Proposal: both parties discussing the wedding conditions. To prepare for the wedding ceremony, the grooms family will hunt some animals and the brides family will take care of the cakes and dessert.

 For the invited guests, both families will appoint their representatives to deal with wedding invitations. The representative brings some knotted strings showing how many days the wedding will be held. If the string has five knots, the marriage will take place within five days. On the wedding day, the mens representatives go to the house of the lady. Usually, the brides long boat is decorated with pua kumbu cloth if they travel through the river route.

 Once they arrived at the brides house, a few shots of guns are released. Then, they take bath in the river before wearing traditional costumes. After that, the head of the representatives invited the groom to slaughter a pig. Melah pinang event: a woman will bring out tepak sirih and crack the betel nut. Then, the wedding ceremony ends with dinner and drinks.

The Funeral
Immediately upon death, all members of the deceaseds family and other relatives present at the death bed will weep for the deceased for about ten minutes or more. Two pestles are laid at the passage (tempuan) at both ends of the longhouse to stop the ghosts of former relatives from entering the house from the other world. The corpse is then cleaned with a soapy lather made from the pounded skins of the langgir fruit.

 The deceaseds personal belongings are displayed on an empty box near his or her head, and hung above the deceaseds body are some clothes known as baiya pandang the clothes which he or she leaves with family in this world to be later on displayed during the besarara bunga and the Gawai Antu rites. A small fire is kept burning day and night on the hearth at the passage near the deceaseds feet. This fire must not be extinguished until after the funeral rites are over.

 The family of the deceased and the people in the longhouse will mourn for him for three months. Within this period, no one is permitted to make merry or to shout while passing the longhouse compound.

The Visit
On entering the longhouse take off your shoes. Accept food and drink with both hands. If you do not want to eat or drink, the accepted custom is to touch the brim of the glass or the plate and then touch your lips. Sit cross legged when sitting. Ask permission to take photographs. Do not enter the longhouse during pantang (taboo). Bow your head when walking past people older than you.

2.5 CUSTOMS AND RITUALS

2.5.4 KADAZAN COMMUNITY

 Midwife is called manninnikau

Customs and rituals for Khadazan birth

During her period of seven days after delivery, the mother is completely in the hands of the midwife.
On the seventh day of delivery, there will be cutting hair occassion called memugar. The mother will have confinement according to their caste. Normal people will take seven days of confinement and the upper class will take 21 days. Some of them may take 44 days of confinement.
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 During confinement, husband must always be with his wife and midwife will protect both mother and baby from being disturb by mystic. Lime leaves must be put at the place where the blood is out during delivery. The mother cannot eat fish with hard bone, cold rice and porridge. They cannot bring baby to the expose area because baby may be disturb by the devils called Rogon Gayoh.
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 On the eighth day, baby will be given name for two times ; temporary name and full name. temporary name will be given to avoid the evil spirits . Full name given celebration will be held and it is called as Modsopik. After one month of delivery, Minuhun (upacara turun tanah) will be held. Baby feet will be scribble with charcoal. The scribble will form straight line from toes until forehead.
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 Then, baby can step on the ground. During going back home, mother should bring along the grass that the baby steps and will be soaked with water. It is used for bath.

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Customs and rituals for Khadazan wedding

Risikan a visit is made at a time which has been agreed upon beforehand. The boy will bring the ring called cincin menanti mimpi The ring will be placed under the girls both mother and father pillow. On that night, all family members must not in dust condition and they can dream. If it is a good dream, engagement process will be done. If it is a bad dream that can be improve, engagement process still will be proceed but the boy must pay sugit kepanasan mimpi to the people who had bad dream.
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 If it is a bad dream that cannot be improve, the engagement process should be stop and the ring must be return. A khadazan dowry usually in form of food such as pork, buffalo, rice, some bronze, land and so forth.

Lihing which is rice will be filled in tajau and will be drink during the festivals.
The bride and bridegroom can be together after special occasion where both of them will eat using the same plate. Festival of mivazaa and misoghu will be done after that.
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Customs and rituals for Khadazan funerals

When a death occurs in a village, everyone is informed and no one must do any kind of work on that day of the funeral. Any work done on occasion will bring misfortune. First of all, the body is washed and then dressed in fine clothes and sprinkled with rose water.
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 The body is kept in the house for three to seven days before it buried. While the body is in the house, all the occupants must keep awake. Whoever falls off to sleep with water, and cannot take offence. The purpose of keeping awake is to watch out for the devil which in the guise of a large bird called pendaatan will try to fly away with the body.

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 There should be atmosphere of complete calm and silence in the house, only the slow beating of gongs or drums are allowed.

These gongs or drums may only be beaten three times a day, that is when the sun sets, at midnight and as the sun rises the following morning.
The corpse is wrapped up in cloth and tied to a pole. When the body is ready, it is carried in procession to the grave to the accompaniment of gongs and drums, firecrackers and gunfire.
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 After funeral, a small hut with an attap or zinc roof with beautiful designs carved on its plank walls is erected over the grave.

A shirt, a clean metal cigar/cigaratte box and similar items are placed in the middle of the hut.
The family will send food to the hut every afternoon for seven days. A feast will be held after three days passed. The same performance repeated on the seventh, fortieth and one hundred days.
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New year celebration/harvesting rice

Believed in rice spirit. The ceremonies connected with rice cultivation from clearing of the land till the harvesting of the rice. Kadazan celebrates Pesta Keamatan (Magavau) whereas Iban celebrates Hari Gawai. They will wear their traditional costumes, serves traditional food and have Sumazau and Ngajat dance.
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REFERENCES
http://richardarunachala.wordpress.com/2011/12/28/ bangle-ceremony-for-an-expectant-mother/ http://www.jkkn.gov.my/index.php?option=com_conte nt&view=article&id=161%3Aperkahwinan-tradisionalmasyarakat-melayu&catid=67%3Aadatperkahwinan&Itemid=84&lang=en http://www.weddingguideasia.com/wed/malaywedding-traditions/ http://www.mahavidya.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2008/05/baker-ken-_birthrituals_10.pdf

 http://malaysiancultures.blogspot.com/2011/01/ indian-customs.html http://weddings.iloveindia.com/indianweddings/hindu-marriage/hindu-marriagerituals.html http://www.beau-coup.com/traditional-indianweddings.htm http://schoolsonline.britishcouncil.org/sites/all/si tes/default/files/files/Iban%20Wedding%20Custo ms%20-Felicia-BCCC.pdf