MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE

UGPA1193 TAN KEE LIEW, Mr.

Topics
Energy Balances on Closed Systems Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State Energy Balances on Non-reactive Processes Energy Balances on Reactive Processes

Forms of Energy
The total energy of a system has three components :
(1) Kinetic energy Energy due to the translational motion of the system as a whole relative to some frame of reference (usually the earths surface) or due to rotation of the system about some axis. (2) Potential energy Energy due to the position of the system in a potential field (such as a gravitational or electromagnetic field). (3) Internal energy All energy possessed by a system other than kinetic and potential energy, such as energy due to the motion of molecules relative to the center of mass of the system, and due to the rotational and vibrational motion of the molecules.

Energy balance
sometimes known as heat balance. application of the law of conservation of energy to physical systems.

Energy Balances on Closed Systems

Energy may be transferred between a closed system and its surrounding in two ways : 1. As Heat
Energy that flows as a result of temperature difference between a system and its surroundings. Direction of flow from a higher temperature to a lower one. Heat is defined as positive when transferred to the system from the surroundings. 2. As Work Energy that flows in response to any driving force other than a temperature difference, such as a force, torque or voltage.

Example : If a gas in a cylinder expands and moves a piston against a resisting force, the gas does work on the piston (Energy is transferred as work from the gas to its surroundings, which include the piston).
Work is defined as positive when it is done by the system on the surroundings. (Note : Other references might use the opposite sign convention)

General balance equation for a closed system U+Ek+Ep= Q -W (Equation 7.3-4)

where signifies change (=final-initial) , U =internal energy, Ek =kinetic energy, Ep=potential energy, Q=heat transferred to the system from the surroundings, W= work done by the system on its surroundings.

Example 1: Energy Balance on a Closed System

1)

U+Ek+Ep= Q-W Ek=0 (the system is stationary) Ep=0 (no vertical displacement) W=0 (no moving boundaries) U = Q Q= 2.00 kcal

U =

2.00 kcal 103 cal kcal

4.1858 J 1 cal

8372 J

The gas thus gains 8372 J of internal energy in going from 25 to 100oC.

2)

U+Ek+Ep= Q-W Ek=0 (the system is stationary at the initial and final states) Ep=0 (assumed negligible by hypothesis) U=0 (U depends only on T for ideal gas, and T here does not change)

0= Q -W
W=+100J (Why positive ?)

Q = 100 J
Thus an additional 100J of heat is transferred to the gas as it expands and reequilibrates at 100oC.

Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State

The net rate of work done by an open system on its surroundings is :

W W S W fl
where

WS

= shaft work, or rate of work done by the process fluid on a moving part within the system (eg., a pump rotor)

W fl

= flow work, or rate of work done by the fluid at the system outlet minus the rate of work done on the fluid at the system inlet

Derivation of W

fl

We initially consider the single inlet single outlet system as shown below.

Specific Properties and Enthalpy

Specific property is an intensive quantity obtained by dividing an extensive property(or its flowrate) by the total amount(or flowrate) of the process material. We use the symbol ^ to denote a specific property Examples : Specific volume,

V ( L) V ( L / kg) m(kg)
Specific internal energy

or

V ( L / kg)

V ( L / s)

m(kg / s)
or

U (J ) U ( J / kg) m(kg)
Specific enthalpy

U ( J / kg)

U ( J / s)

m(kg / s)
where P is total pressure

H U PV

Example 2 : Calculation of enthalpy

Solution :

The Steady State Open System Energy Balance

General balance equation :

E k E p Q W S

(7.4-15)

where denotes total output minus total input (7.4-14a) (7.4-14b) (7.4-14c)

Subscript j denotes species,

u = velocity z= vertical displacement g= gravitational constant (9.81m/s2)

If the process has a single input and single output stream and there is no accumulation of mass in the system (so that min mout m ) , the expression for in equation (7.4-14a) simplifies to (7.4-16)

Example 3 : Energy Balance on a Turbine

W s 70 kW

Reference State and State Property

It is impossible to know the absolute value of U or H for a process material. We can only determine the change in U or H (ie U or H ). All the terms (ie, heat, work, changes in kinetic and potential energy) in the general balance equation can be known, enabling the determination of or .

Note that

H U ( P V )

A convenient way to tabulate measured changes in U or H is to choose a temperature, pressure and state of aggregation as a reference state, and to list U or H for changes from this state to a series of other states. For example, the enthalpy changes for CO going from a reference state of 0oC and 1 atm to two other states are measured, with the following results:

 Since cannot be known absolutely, for convenience, we may assign a value = 0 to the reference state ; then and so on. A table may then be constructed for CO at 1 atm :

T(oC) 0 100 500

(J/mol)

0 1 2919 15060 2

From the table, we should say that the specific enthalpy of CO at 100oC and 1 atm relative to CO at 0oC and 1 atm is 2919 J/mol.
Note that the value 2919 J/mol for does not mean that the absolute value of the specific enthalpy of CO at 100oC and 1 atm is 2919 J/mol.

Enthalpy is very much of a concern for process engineers !!!

 If another reference state had been used to generate the specific enthalpies of CO at 100oC and 500oC , 1 and 2 would have different values, but would still be 12141 J/mol.
2 1

This convenient result is due to the fact that : property.

, like

is a state

A state property is the property of a system component whose value depends only on the state of the system (temperature, pressure, phase, and composition) and not on how the system reached that state.

Steam Tables

Phase diagram for water

Water is often used in the process industries : (i) as process material (ii) for heat exchange purposes. Steam is used to generate electrical power. Chemical and mechanical engineers often find the need to know the physical properties of water in various phases. Physical properties of liquid water , saturated steam and superheated steam are compiled in the Steam Tables, a standard reference for engineers.

Example 5 : Energy Balance on One-Component Process

Observe that the kinetic energy change is only a small fraction roughly 0.8% of the total energy requirement for the process. This is a typical result, and it is common to neglect kinetic and potential energy changes relative to enthalpy changes for processes that involve phase changes, chemical reactions, or large temperature changes.

Example 6 : Energy Balance on a Two-Component Process A liquid stream containing 60.0wt% ethane and 40.0% n-butane is to be heated from 150 K to 200 K at a pressure of 5 bar. Calculate the required heat input per kilogram of the mixture, neglecting potential and kinetic energy changes. Assume that mixture component enthalpies are those of the pure species at the same temperature. The specific enthalpy values at 5 bar are tabulated as follows :

Temperature (K) n-butane Ethane 150 200 150 200

(kJ/kg) i
30.0 130.2 314.3 434.5

Basis : 1 kg/s mixture

(kJ/s)

Example 7 : Simultaneous Material and Energy Balances Saturated steam at 1 atm is discharged from a turbine at a rate of 1150 kg/h. Superheated steam at 300oC and 1 atm is needed as a feed to a heat exchanger ; to produce it, the turbine discharge stream is mixed with superheated steam available from a second source at 400oC and 1 atm. The mixing unit operates adiabatically. Calculate : (i)The amount of superheated steam at 300oC produced. (ii)The required volumetric flowrate of the 400oC steam

Solution :
Specific enthalpies of the two feed streams and the product stream are obtained from the steam tables and labeled on the flowchart.

There are two unknown quantities in this process- m and m , and only 1 2 one material balance equation. Therefore mass balance and energy balances must be solved simultaneously to determine the two flowrates .

2243.6 kg/h
3393.6 kg/h

2243.6 kg

6977.6 m3/h

In absence of the specific volume data, the ideal gas equation of state (PV=nRT) could be used to approximate the volumetric flowrate.

End of
Energy Balances on Closed Systems Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State