Starting System Principles

Uses battery power

AUTOMOTIVE STARTING SYSTEMS

Starter Circuit Electric DC Motor (starter motor) Solenoid or Relay Gear Drive Switches & Controls Wiring Testing Removing Starter
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STARTING SYSTEM PARTS

Battery Ignition switch Solenoid Starting motor

STARTER CIRCUIT

Battery / Cables Magnetic Switches Solenoids

Pull in Windings Hold in Windings Pinion Gear

Starter Relay
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Starter Circuit Simplified

Starter Solenoid Functions

* Close battery to starter connection * Push pinion gear into fly wheel * Bypass the resistance wire of ignition circuit Move the starter drive into mesh w. flywheel Complete the starter circuit
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Starting System Action

Turn key Current flows to Solenoid Energizes solenoid Connects current to starter motor nion forward Turns starter Motor turns flywheel Turns crankshaft Moves pistons up and down

Starter System Action cont.

Starter Motor Fundamentals

Converts Electrical Energy From Battery Into Mechanical Energy

TORQUE
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DC MOTOR Basic Components Housings and End Frames Pole Shoes (magnets) Field Coils

(windings) x 3 or 4

Armature (spins) Commutator Brushes x4

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MOTOR OPERATION

Magnetic Field Action

made of invisible lines of force (flux) flow through wire flow around wire alike charges repel Dissimilar Charges attract(spinning action) Used to produce motion
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DRIVE MECHANISM

Positive engagement

Movable pole shoe

Solenoid-actuated

Gear reduction drive

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Simple Electric Motors

Wire loop field Set up between poles POLE SHOES

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Changing Electricity Into Motion

Place windings inside pole shoes Current through loop Fields act upon each other

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Commutators and Brushes

Used to keep motor spinning

by controlling current passing through windings commutator

Sliding electrical connection

Between motor windings and brushes Many segments Insulated from each other Ride on comutator (slide on commutator) Carry current to spinning windings
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Motor brushes

Commutators and Brushes

Increasing Motor Power

several windings wires

Commutator

several segments constant smooth motion

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Armatures

Must produce HIGH torque

turning power relatively high speed

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Starter Armature parts

shaft supports windings/armature inside housing Core (holds windings in place)

made of iron (Fe)

increases magnetic field strength Commutator

for brush contact Windings wires

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Field Windings

stationary insulated wires wrapped in circular shape creates strong magnetic field around motor armature 5-10 x stronger than perminate magnets field in pole shoes acts against field in armature = motor spins
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Pinion gear mechanism

Pinion gear Clutch Housing

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Starter Pinion Gears

Small gear on armature shaft Engages to flywheel Meshes

Fly Wheel Turns Engine

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Overrunning Clutch

Locks pinion gear in one direction Releases it in other direction Spiral grooves in shaft Allows starter motor to crank the engine Protects the starter from damage if the starter is cranked while the engine is running
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Starter Solenoid

High current relay Makes electrical connection between

Battery & starter

Electromagnetic switch Handle VERY HIGH currents

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Starter Solenoid Operation

Key turned (start position) Current flows through solenoids windings Produces magnetic field Pulls plunger and disc into coil windings Causes disc to touch both high current terminals Completes circuit battery to starter Current of 150-200A
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Solenoid

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Key Released

Current disconnected Magnetic field collapses Plunger slides back Starter shuts off

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Increasing Motor Power

Several windings Wires Comutator Several segments Constant smooth motion

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RELATED MOTOR TERMINOLOGY

Left hand or right hand rule Torque Current Draw

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STARTER DRIVE END

Connects the armature shaft to the flywheel. Usually shifted out by the solenoid. Contains an over- running clutch for protection. Pinion gear meshes with the flywheel ring gear. Returned to the rest position by a spring.

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SOLENOID

A linear motor Contains two windings a pull-in and a hold-in winding. Pushes the starter drive(pinion) into mesh with the flywheel ring gear. Completes the circuit to the motor.

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CONTROL CIRCUIT

Starting Safety Switch Neutral Safety Switch

On

transmission On Clutch

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Starting Motor Types

classified by: kind of pinion gear engagement moveable pole shoe solenoid Movable pole shoe uses a yoke Y moves pinion gear hinged shoe on starter frame yoke links pole shoe & pinion gear
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Internal Motor Circuits

3 common internal connections Series

maximum torque torque decreases throughout cranking Less torque More constant torque series/shunt good toque constant speed

Shunt

Compound

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Neutral Safety Switch

prevents cranking unless in P or N Ford - brake on LOCATION Connected in series with the ignition switch and solenoid

shifter or transmission

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Starter Relay

Uses small current to control

LARGER

current Computer controls circuit (mV)

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Starter Types

Starter Mounted Solenoids plunger moves shift lever

GM/Chrysler

Permanent Magnet Starter Use high strength permanent magnets NOT CONVENTIONAL WINDINGS = MORE torque
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Starter Motor Torque

Must turn engine all components Can Not Stall Reduction starter

extra set of gears increase rotating force higher speeds higher torque more constant cranking speeds

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STARTER TESTING

Preliminary Tests Safety Precautions Troubleshooting Procedures Battery Load Test Cranking Voltage Test Cranking Current Test Insulated Resistance Test

Starter Relay Bypass Test Ground Circuit Resistance Test Voltage Drop to Control Unit Test Components

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Problems

Starter relay or solenoid clicks

low battery charge Plunger stuck Poor engagement Low battery Internal short
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Whining

Grinding Slow turn

Battery Load Test

VAT 40 All Accessories on CCA

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Test

Cranking Voltage

DVOM across battery

Cranking Current Test

Inductive Pick Up Current draw 150-200 AMPS

Voltage Drop Test

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Tests

Test Relay Ground Circuit Resistance Test Starter Relay Bypass Test Ground test Bench test

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Starter Motor Disassembly

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