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Sound
Analog wave patterns these wave patterns have two attributes
Volume the height of each peak in the sound wave Frequency (sometimes referred to as pitch) the distance between the peaks. The greater the distance, the lower the sound.
Sampling
To include sound in a multimedia application, the sound waves must be converted from analog to digital form This conversion is called sampling every fraction of a second a sample the of sound is recorded in digital bits
Sampling
Two factors affect the quality of digitized sound
1) Sample rate the number of times the sample is taken
Most common sampling rates are: 11.025, 22.05, and 44.1 kHz
Sampling
WAV format filename.wav AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format) AIFFC (compressed) RealAudio filename.ra MP3 (mpeg layer 3)
Your first consideration when using sound on the Internet is file size Uncompressed files can be very large
A 10 second recording of an audio CD can be as large as 2MB
Quality
Cost When recording audio files, it may be cost-prohibitive to considerations contract with a recording studio and hire professional talent. Investing in reasonably high-end equipment (such as a sound card, microphone, and recording and editing software), however, will prove worthwhile.
User Control
If appropriate, provide a way to give the user some control over the audio. Consider allowing the user to skip a sound clip or adjust the volume. This issue is especially important if a musical introduction is played when the user first enters a Web site. The second time visiting the site, the user may not want to hear the musical introduction.
2-D Animation
3-D Animation
3-D Animation involves three steps
1) Modeling creating the broad contours and structure of 3-D objects and scenes 2) Animation defining the objects motion
3) Rendering giving objects attributes such as color, surface textures, and amounts of transparency
3-D Animation
Animation
Animated text using the HTML <blink> command causes text to flash on and off Animated gif using a software program to create a series of gif files such as GIF Builder Director movie animation played using Shockwave plug-in 3-D environments a computer language used to create 3-D images
Design Considerations
Give the user control over whether or not to display or enlarge graphic images
Allow the user to be active while graphic images are being displayed Provide feedback to the user by displaying the amount of time a file will take to download
Video
Video, like sound, is recorded and played an as analog signal Analog video must be digitized in order for it to put into a multimedia file
Video
Several elements determine file size:
Frame rate Image size Color depth
Video Tips
Color depth Frame rate Reducing the color depth to less than 256 colors gives a markedly poorer-quality image. Reducing the frame rate to less than 15 frames per second causes a noticeable and distracting jerkiness that is usually unacceptable.
File size A technique for reducing file size is to minimize the use of video in the image that appears on the screen that is, to create video only for the parts of an object that are changing, such as a flickering candle. The video could be played over and over to create the motion of a flickering candle.
Video Tips
Display size In most multimedia titles, you do not need to show full-screen video. The video can be played in a window that can be as small as one-fourth or even one-sixteenth the size of the screen.
Conclusion: Changing the image size and compressing the file become the primary ways of reducing file size. In most cases, a one-quarter screen image (320 X 240), an 8bit (256 colors) color depth, and a 15 frames per second frame rate are acceptable in a multimedia title.
The End
University of North Texas Dr. Vicky Cereijo