Matriculation PPS-UNM S2 : BiologY Education Program Class : A

Cell biology
Oslan Jumadi, Ph.D Dr. Muhammad Junda, M.Si

Lecturing schedule Date June June July July July July July July July July August August

Lecturer Oslan Oslan Oslan Oslan Oslan MID ( Oslan ) Junda Junda Junda Junda Junda Final (Junda)

Early encounters with cells

Cell theory emerges

Every organism consists of one or more cells The cell is the structural and functional unit of life A cell is the smallest unit of life Cells contain hereditary information which they pass on to their offspring during division

Our ability to study cells has improved dramatically

Light microscope uses visible light to illuminate a specimen.

Our ability to study cells has improved dramatically

Fluorescence microscope allows users to view light emitted from the specimen when it is illuminated with a specific wavelength of light.

Our ability to study cells has improved dramatically

Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light. -Transmission electron microscope- electrons form an image after passing through the specimen -Scanning electron microscope- image forms from electrons that bounce off the surface of the specimen

What have we learned about cells?

There are two main types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes How are they similar? Which organisms fall into each category? How do they differ?

Prokaryotes
How are they similar?

Eukaryotes

Which organisms fall into each category? How do they differ?

Prokaryotes
How are they similar?

Eukaryotes

-All cells have a plasma membrane -All cells contain DNA -All cells contain ribosomes -All cells have cytosol (fluid mixture of water sugar, ions, proteins) -All cells are small (need a large surface are to volume ratio)

Which organisms fall into each category? How do they differ?

Prokaryotes
How are they similar?

Eukaryotes

-All cells have a plasma membrane -All cells contain DNA -All cells contain ribosomes -All cells have cytosol (fluid mixture of water sugar, ions, proteins) -All cells are small (need a large surface are to volume ratio) -Bacteria -Archea -Eukaryotes (plants, animals, protists, fungi)

Which organisms fall into each category? How do they differ?

Prokaryotes
How are they similar?

Eukaryotes

-All cells have a plasma membrane -All cells contain DNA -All cells contain ribosomes -All cells have cytosol (fluid mixture of water sugar, ions, proteins) -All cells are small (need a large surface are to volume ratio) -Bacteria -Archea -Single celled -Not divided into functional compartments -small in size (1-5m) -cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane -Eukaryotes (plants, animals, protists, fungi) -Can be multicellular -Divided into functional compartments (or organelles) -larger in size (10-100m) -not all eukaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane -many chromosomes in a nucleus (membraneenclosed)

Which organisms fall into each category? How do they differ?

-single chromosome in a nucleoid region (not membrane-enclosed) also in plasmids (small circular strands of DNA)

An overview of the eukaryotic cell

Watch the animal and plant cell videos

The cell as a city

I. HISTORY OF CELL STUDY 1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) first microscope; observed animalcules.

2. Robert Hooke (1663) named the cell based on observations of cork.

CORK

3. Mathias J. Schleiden (1804-1882) All plants are made of cells.

4. Theodore Schwann (1810-1882) All animals are made of cells.

5. R. Virchow (1821-1902) All cells come from pre-existing cells. (Omnis cellula e cellulal)

Cell Theory (1800s; several scientists working

independently had similar results) :

1. All living things are made of cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.

(smallest unit of life)

3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

4. Cells are capable of self-reproduction.

Menurut De Robertis et al., (1975),

Sebuah sel harus memenuhi beberapa kriteria yaitu :

1. Memiliki membran plasma;

2. Mengandung materi genetic yang penting untuk

Mengkode berbagai jenis RNA, termasuk untuk sintesis protein; 3. Mengandung mesin biosintesis tempat di mana sintesis berlangsung.

II. Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.

If multicellular, the cells become specialized to do specific jobs. Cells become organized with a division of labor.

Cells

Tissues Organs Organisms

Organ Systems

Levels of Organization

Muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Stomach

Digestive system

Gambar . Oragnisasi kehidupan tingkat individu (http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/stomTS.gif)

Cell Size

Tabel : Batas-batas pengamatan sistem biologi pada berbagai tingkat dimensi (De Robertis et al., 1975).

Dimensi

Bidang

Struktur Organ

Metode mata dan lensa sederhana Mikroskop cahaya Mikroskop cahaya Mikroskop polarisasi, mikroskop elektron Difraksi sinar X

> 0,1 mm atau 100 Anatomi m 100 m 10 m Histologi 10 m - 0,2 m atau 200 nm 200 nm 1 nm

Jaringan Bakteri

< 1 nm

Morfologi, Submikroskopis, Ultra struktur, Biologi molekuler Molekul dan atom

Komponenkomponen sel, virus Susunan atom

Chemical Basis of Life

Molecule
DNA RNA Protein Lipid

Building Block
Nucleotides Nucleotides Amino Acids Fatty Acids

Major Function
Hereditary Material Protein Synthesis Cell Structure and Function Membrane Component Energy Production

Carbohydrate Sugars

Metabolic Pathways
MACROMOLECULE DNA RNA Proteins Lipid Carbohydrates BUILDING MAJOR BLOCK FUNCTION Nucleotides Amino acids Fatty acids Sugars Genetic Material Template for Protein synthesis Cell Structure and Function Membrane Component Energy Production

enzymes = proteins enzymes catalyze chemical reactions

Types of Organisms
Unicellular organisms
Bacteria, Protists, etc.

Multicellular organisms
Plants Animals
Muscles, skin, nerves, liver, digestive, bones, blood, immune system, lungs, etc.

ORGANISME SELULER
Sel merupakan kumpulan protoplasma yang dibatasi oleh membran. Sel bukan merupakan suatu ruang-ruang kecil yang

kosong seperti yang diamati oleh Robert Hooke, melainkan sel

merupakan suatu struktur yang mengandung isi yang kompleks. Keseluruhan isi sel disebut protoplas, sedangkan zat di dalam sel yang merupakan koloid berstruktur kompleks disebut Protoplasma (dari bahasa Yunani protos yang berarti

pertama dan plasma yang berarti pembentukan). Dengan

demikian, secara harfiah protoplasma berarti pembentukan yang pertama (De Robertis et. al. 1975).

 Protoplasma terutama terdiri atas 5 substansi dasar yaitu elektrolit, protein, lipida, karbohidrat, dan air. Pada sel hewan dan tumbuhan, protoplasma

mengandung sekitar 75-85% air, 10-20% protein, 23% lipid, 1% karbohidrat, dan 1% zat anorganik

lainnya. Pada sel eukariota, bagian dari cairan sel

yang terdapat di antara membran inti (nuclear envelope) dengan membran plasma disebut sitoplasma, sedangkan cairan sel yang terdapat di dalam selaput inti disebut nukleoplasma.

Di alam dikenal ada dua tipe sel berdasarkan ada tidaknya selaput inti, yaitu sel prokariota dan sel eukariota, sedangkan berdasarkan cara sel untuk mendapatkan energi dari lingkungan sekitarnya, dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok umum, yaitu sel autotrofik dan sel heterotropik (De Robertis et al., 1975)

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Structure
cell size oxygen required DNA form DNA location DNA length cellular org. cell membrane cell wall

Prok.
1-10 um by some simple circle in cytoplasm short single, colonial yes yes (not cellulose) no

Animal

Plant

10-100um 10-100 um by all by all coiled linear strands, complex in nucleus in nucleus long long some single, most multicellular with differentiation yes yes no yes

nuclear mem.

yes

yes

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 Prokaryotic Cells
General Definition
single celled structurally simple lack organelles

Structures

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Cell Wall Plasmalemma / Cell Membrane Flagella Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) Nucleoid Ribosome

 Prokaryotic Cells
Structures
Cell Wall
surrounds the cell rigid composed of peptidoglycans (peptide sugars)

Plasmalemma / Cell Membrane

located beneath the cell wall contains enzymes which speed up certain chemical reactions may contain invaginations where cell division might occur

Flagella

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tail-like appendage found in some prokaryotes anchored to the cell wall and the cell membrane functions in locomotion

 Prokaryotic Cells
Structures
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)
genetic material of the cell arranges in a single circle naked because it is not complexed with proteins or surrounded by a membrane

Nucleoid
nucleus-like structure contains the DNA may appear fibrous when viewed under the microscope

Ribosomes
composed of RNA and protein allows a cell to utilze DNA to manufacture proteins this process is fast in prokaryotes due to the proximity of the DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

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 Prokaryotic Cells

Generalized Structure

while simple, prokaryotes compose the majority of living cells on the planet they also have effects on humans
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Cell Structure & Function

Bacteria

Cell Structure & Function

Typical Plant

Cell Structure & Function

Generic Animal Cell

Cellular Organelles
Cytoplasm Nucleus
Chromosomes, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus

Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth & rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes

Cell

Vesicles Peroxisomes Vacuoles Chloroplast Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Centrioles Cilia, Flagella Plasma Membrane

City website: http://www.open2.net/science/cellcity/cellcity.html

Nucleus: DNA stored here. The Control Center Nuclear

envelope: membran e surroundi ng the nucleus Nuclear pores: open portals of communic ation

Ribosomes: protein factories Rough ER: make proteins (studded with ribosomes) Smooth ER: make lipids, modify proteins made in RER

1-receives proteins & lipids in membrane-bound vesicles from ER. 2-modifies those proteins & lipids. 3-sorts and ships the proteins & lipids away in membrane-bound vesicles.

III. CELL COMPARISON

PLANT CELL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. cell walls cellulose chloroplasts large vacuoles no centrosomes no lysosomes often rectangular

ANIMAL CELL 1. no cell walls 2. no chloroplasts 3. small vacuoles 4. centrosomes 5. lysosomes 6. irregular shapes

IV.Two organelles of importance in obtaining and using energy are CHLOROPLASTS and MITOCHONDRIA. (Both organelles contain their own DNA which suggests they may have been independent organisms at one time.) A. CHLOROPLASTS 1. Found only in plants. 2. Plants use the energy of light to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates sugars and starches.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (Equation for photosynthesis.) 3. Chloroplasts contain sac-like membranes known as thylakoids where the suns energy is trapped and transferred to sugar-producing reactions.

B.MITOCHONDRIA

1. Found in all living cells.

2. Site of cellular respiration the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. 3. 3811 calories in 1 gram of glucose or 3.811 kilocalories (what we call calories) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

This is called cellular respiration.

4. ATP = adenosine triphosphate

A chemical fuel that is formed in mitochondria. Energy is released gradually by changing ATP ADP + P.
The bond is a high-energy bond. ADP + P ATP restores the high-energy bond.

5. In the presence of oxygen, one molecule of glucose produces 36 ATPs. This represents 38% of the energy found in glucose. The other 62% is released as heat lost to living things.

MITOCHONDRION

Cytoskeleton

Cell membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes

Michondrion

Maintains cell shape and functions in cell movement.