ME2305 APPLIED HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS

UNIT II HYDRAULIC SYSTEM & COMPONENTS

SYLLABUS
Sources of Hydraulic Power: Pumping theory Pump classification Gear pump, Vane Pump, piston pump, construction and working of pumps pump performance Variable displacement pumps. Fluid Power Actuators: Linear hydraulic actuators Types of hydraulic cylinders Single acting, Double acting special cylinders like tanden, Rodless, Telescopic, Cushioning mechanism, Construction of double acting cylinder, Rotary actuators Fluid motors, Gear, Vane and Piston motors.

Hydraulic Pump
In a hydraulic system, a pump converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Mechanical energy is given to the pump via a prime mover such as an electric motor.

Different types of Pumps used in Hydraulics

Fixed or Variable displacement

Fixed displacement only

Non Positive Displacement Pump

Used for low pressure , high volume flow application . Maximum pressure capacity is 250-300 psi

External Gear pumps

The simplest and most robust positive displacement pump, having just two moving parts, is the gear pump. Its parts are non-reciprocating, move at constant speed and experience a uniform force. It consists of just two close meshing gear wheels which rotate as shown. As the teeth come out of mesh at the centre, a partial vacuum is formed which draws fluid into the inlet chamber.

External Gear pumps cont..

Pump displacement is determined by: volume of fluid between each pair of teeth; number of teeth; and speed of rotation.

External Gear pumps cont..

Closely meshing gears, minimum clearance between teeth and housing, and also between the gear face and side plates. Wear in a gear pump is primarily caused by dirt particles in the hydraulic fluid, so cleanliness and filtration are particularly important. Used at pressures up to about 150 bar and capacities of around 150 gpm(grams per minute) Volumetric efficiency of gear pumps at 90% is lowest of the three pump types.

Advantages and Disadvantage

Advantages High speed High pressure No overhung bearing loads Relatively quiet operation Design accommodates wide variety of materials Disadvantages Four bushings in liquid area No solids allowed Fixed End Clearances

Applications
Common external gear pump applications include, but are not limited to: Various fuel oils and lube oils Chemical additive and polymer metering Chemical mixing and blending (double pump) Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications (log splitters, lifts, etc.) Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite construction) Low volume transfer or application

Internal Gear Pump

The internal gear pump has one gear inside another Internal gear pumps carry fluid between the gear teeth from the inlet to outlet ports. The outer gear (rotor) drives the inner or idler gear on a stationary pin. The gears create voids(bubbles) as they come out of mesh and liquid flows into the cavities. As the gears come back into mesh, the volume is reduced and the liquid is forced out of the discharge port. The crescent prevents liquid from flowing backwards from the outlet to the inlet port.

Internal Gear Pump

Package

Advantages
Advantages Only two moving parts Only one stuffing box Non-pulsating discharge Excellent for high-viscosity liquids Constant and even discharge regardless of pressure conditions Operates well in either direction Can be made to operate with one direction of flow with either rotation Single adjustable end clearance Easy to maintain Flexible design offers application customization

Disadvantages
Disadvantages Usually requires moderate speeds Medium pressure limitations One bearing runs in the product pumped Overhung load on shaft bearing

Applications
Common internal gear pump applications include, but are not limited to: All varieties of fuel oil and lube oil Resins and Polymers Alcohols and solvents Asphalt, Bitumen, and Tar Polyurethane foam (Isocyanate and polyol) Food products such as corn syrup, chocolate, and peanut butter Paint, inks, and pigments Soaps and surfactants Glycol

Lobe Pump
Fluid is carried between the rotor teeth and the pumping chamber. The rotor surfaces create continuous sealing. Both gears are driven and are synchronized by timing gears. Rotors include bi-wing, tri-lobe, and multi-lobe configurations.

Lobe Pump cont..

Lobe pumps are used in a variety of industries including, pulp and paper, chemical, food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology. They are popular in these diverse industries because they offer superb sanitary qualities, high efficiency, reliability, corrosion resistance, and good clean-inplace and sterilize-in-place (CIP/SIP) characteristics.

Lobe Pump

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages No metal-to-metal contact Pass medium solids Superior CIP/SIP capabilities Long term dry run (with lubrication to seals) Non-pulsating discharge Disadvantages Requires two seals Requires timing gears Reduced lift with thin liquids

Applications
Common rotary lobe pump applications include, but are not limited to: Polymers Paper coatings Soaps and surfactants Paints and dyes Rubber and adhesives Pharmaceuticals Food applications (a sample of these is referenced below)

Screw pump
Screw pumps carry fluid in the spaces between the screw threads.

The fluid is displaced axially as the screws mesh.

Single screw pumps are commonly called progressive cavity pumps. They have a rotor with external threads and a stator with internal threads. The rotor threads are eccentric to the axis of rotation. Multiple screw pumps have multiple external screw threads. These pumps may be timed or un-timed.
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Screw Pump

Package

Gerotor Gear Pump

The gerotor-type gear pump is very similar to the internal gear pump. Notice that the shaft is connected to the inner element. As the inner element is rotated, each tooth maintains contact with the outer element at all times. However, because there is one less tooth on the inner element, a void is produced as the tooth reaches bottom dead center. This void is what carries the fluid from the inlet port to the outlet port.
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Gerotor Gear Pump

Advantages
High Speed Only two moving parts Only one stuffing box Constant and even discharge regardless of pressure conditions Operates well in either direction Quiet operation Can be made to operate with one direction of flow with either rotation

Disadvantages
Medium pressure limitations Fixed clearances No solids allowed One bearing runs in the product pumped Overhung load on shaft bearing

Applications
Common gerotor pump applications include, but are not limited to: Light fuel oils Lube oil Cooking oils Hydraulic fluid

Vane Pump
A slotted rotor is eccentrically supported in a cycloidal cam. The rotor is located close to the wall of the cam so a crescentshaped cavity is formed. The rotor is sealed into the cam by two side plates. Vanes or blades fit within the slots of the impeller. As the rotor rotates (yellow arrow) and fluid enters the pump, centrifugal force, hydraulic pressure, and/or pushrods push the vanes to the walls of the housing.

Vane Pump
As the rotor continues around, the vanes sweep the fluid to the opposite side of the crescent where it is squeezed through discharge holes of the cam as the vane approaches the point of the crescent (small red arrow on the side of the pump). Fluid then exits the discharge port.

Un balanced Vane Pump

Vane Pump

Package

Balanced Vane Pumps

In the balanced design , a pump has a stationary, elliptical cam ring and two sets of internal ports. A pumping chamber is formed between any two vanes twice in each revolution. The two inlets and outlets are 180 degrees apart. Back pressures against the edges of a rotor cancel each other. Recent design improvements that allow high operating speeds and pressures have made this pump the most universal in the mobile-equipment field.

Balanced Vane Pumps

Advantages
Handles thin liquids at relatively higher pressures Compensates for wear through vane extension Sometimes preferred for solvents, LPG Can run dry for short periods Can have one seal or stuffing box Develops good vacuum

Disadvantages
Can have two stuffing boxes Complex housing and many parts Not suitable for high pressures Not suitable for high viscosity Not good with abrasives

Applications
Aerosol and Propellants Aviation Service - Fuel Transfer, Deicing Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3 LPG Cylinder Filling Alcohols Refrigeration - Freons, Ammonia Solvents Aqueous solutions

Axial Piston Pump

Axial piston pumps contain a number of pistons attached to a cylindrical block which move in the same direction as the block's centerline (axially). Much of the pressure and flow control circuitry can be included internally, allowing for reliable operation and simple design of the associated hydraulic system.

Axial Axial Piston Pump working

Radial Piston Pump

Radial piston pumps contain pistons arranged like wheel spokes around a cylindrical block. A drive shaft rotates this cylindrical block which pushes or slings the pistons, causing compression and expansion. The eccentricity between the piston housing and cylinder block centerlines determines the piston stroke. These pumps have a low noise level, very high loads at the lowest speeds, and high efficiency.

Radial Piston Pump radial

Pump performance

Pump performance