Sect. 14.

5: Fluid Dynamics

Section 14.5: Fluid Dynamics

Weve done fluid statics. Now, Fluid Dynamics (fluid flow), which is much more interesting! COURSE THEME: NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION!
NOW

Sects. 14.5 - 14.7: Methods to analyze the dynamics of

fluids in motion.

First, we need to discuss FLUID LANGUAGE. Weve introduced a lot of this language while talking about fluid statics. But, there is some other terminology we need to discuss before we discuss Newtons Laws (Especially Newtons 2nd Law!) in

Fluid Language!

Types of Fluid Flow

Two main types of fluid flow:

1. Laminar Flow (or Streamline Flow)

Steady flow Each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path The paths of the different particles never cross each other Every fluid particle arriving at a given point has the same velocity

The path taken by the particles is called a streamline

Paths of the particles look qualitatively like this!

Well assume this type of flow

Types of Fluid Flow

Two main types of fluid flow:

2. Turbulent Flow
Irregular flow which has small whirlpool-like regions
Its turbulent flow when the particles go above some critical speed Streamlines can cross each other

Paths of the particles can Look qualitatively like this!

Well not discuss this type.

Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the amount of internal friction in the fluid. This internal friction or VISCOUS FORCE, comes from the resistance that two adjacent layers of fluid have to moving relative to each other.

Viscosity causes part of the kinetic energy of a fluid to be converted to internal energy.

Ideal Fluid Flow

We make four simplifying assumptions in our treatment of fluid flow to make the analysis easier:

1. The fluid is nonviscous

Internal friction is neglected

2. The flow is steady

The velocity of each point remains constant

3. The fluid is incompressible

The density remains constant

4. The flow is irrotational

The fluid has no angular momentum about any point

Streamlines
The path a particle takes in steady flow is a streamline The velocity of each particle is tangent to a streamline A set of streamlines is called a

TUBE OF FLOW

Equation of Continuity
Consider a fluid moving through a pipe of nonuniform diameter. The particles move along the streamlines in steady flow. m2 = mass of fluid
in this volume

The mass m1 in the small portion of pipe of length x1, crossing area A1 in some time t, must be exactly the same as the mass m2 in length x2, crossing area A2 in the same time t. Why? Because no fluid particles leak out of the pipe!

m1 = mass of fluid
in this volume

The fluid has Conservation of Mass!

Conservation of Mass:
m1 = m 2
(1) For point 1 & point 2, the definition of density in terms of mass m & volume V gives: m = V. For points1 & 2, use V = Ax (1) gives

r1A1v1 = r2A2v2
(2) gives:

(2)

Av mass flow rate

Units: mass per time interval or kg/s

Fluid is incompressible so, r = constant

A1v1 = A2v2

(3)

(3) is called the EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR FLUIDS The product of the area and the fluid speed at all points along a pipe is constant for an incompressible fluid

Av volume flow rate

Units: volume per time interval or m3/s

 Mass flow rate (mass of fluid passing a point per second) is constant: 1A1v1 = 2A2v2

Equation of Continuity PHYSICS: Conservation of Mass!!

For an incompressible fluid (1 = 2 = )

Then Or:

A1v1 = A2v2 Av = constant

Where cross sectional area A is large, velocity v is small, where A is small, v is large. Volume flow rate: (V/t) = A(x/t) = Av

Implications of Equation of Continuity

The fluid speed v is low where the pipe is wide (large A) The fluid speed v is high where the pipe is constricted (small A) The product, Av, is called the volume flow rate or flux. Av = constant says that the
volume that enters one end of the pipe in a given time equals the volume leaving the other end in the same time (If no leaks are present!)

A1v1 = A2v2

 PHYSICS: Conservation of Mass!! A1v1 = A2v2 Or Av = constant Small pipe cross section larger v Large pipe cross section smaller v

Example: Estimate Blood Flow rcap = 4 10-4 cm, raorta = 1.2 cm v1 = 40 cm/s, v2 = 5 10-4 cm/s Number of capillaries N = ? A2 = N(rcap)2, A1 = (raorta)2 A1v1 = A2v2 N = (v1/v2)[(raorta)2/(rcap)2] N 7 109

Example: Heating Duct

Speed in duct: v1 = 3 m/s Room volume: V2 = 300 m3 Fills room every t =15 min = 900 s A1 = ?

A1v1 = Volume flow rate = (V/t) = V2/t

A1 = 0.11 m2