• Oxidation numbers reflect the charges on the

atoms/ions involved in a compound.

• Normally, oxidation numbers can be found from the
column the element is in on the periodic table (recall
Ch.5).
• Sometimes these numbers don’t exactly describe what
is going on inside the atom. There is a system of
assigning oxidation numbers.
• Rules for Oxidation Numbers
– 1) Monatomic ions: oxidation # the same as the ionic
charges.
– 2) H has oxidation number +1 except in hydrides (ex. NaH)
where it is -1.
– 3) O has oxidation # -2 except in peroxides (ex.H2O2 )
where it is -1.
– 4) Uncombined elements have oxidation numbers = 0.
– 5) For neutral compounds, sum of oxidation numbers = 0.
– 6) For polyatomic ions, sum of oxidation numbers =
• Prefixes:
– 1 Mono- – 6 Hexa-
– 2 Di- – 7 Hepta-
– 3 Tri- – 8 Octa-
– 4 Tetra- – 9 Nona-
– 5 Penta- – 10 Deca-
• NO2 • Nitrogen dioxide
• CO2 • Carbon dioxide
• SO3 • Sulfur trioxide
• Phosphorus
• PCl5
pentachloride
• Sulfur
• SF6 hexafluoride
• BF3 • Boron trifluoride
• CCl4 • Carbon
tetrachloride
• Metal + Non-metal - Add the cation name to
the anion name – remember to add –ide to
monoatomic anions.
• Rule is applied when using polyatomic ions
also!
• Examples:
– NaCl = Sodium Chloride Fluoride
Potassium
– KF = ? Barium Nitrate
– Ba(NO3 )2 = Magnesium
? Cyanide
– Mg(CN)2 = Cesium
? Sulfate
– Cs2SO4 = ?
• Name + it’s charge in Roman Numerals.
– Fe3+ = Iron (III) ion
– PbO = Lead (II) Oxide
– Cu2O = Copper (I) Oxide
• Stock or “Old” way of Naming
– -ous ending is lowest charge
• Cuprous ion = Cu+
– -ic ending is highest charge
• Cupric ion = Cu2+
 (see pg. 205 for more)
Metals Charges
• Lead • Pb 2+/4+, II and IV
• Silver • Ag 1+ (always)
• Tin • Sn 2+/4+, II and IV
• Iron • Fe 2+/3+, II and III
• Zinc • Zn 2+ (always)
• Copper • Cu 1+/2+ I and II
• Nickel • Ni 2+/3+ II and III
• Ag2O Silver Oxide
• KCl Potassium Chloride
• Cu(ClO3)2 Copper (II) Chlorate
• FeS Iron (II) Sulfide
• Al2O3 Aluminum Oxide
Lead (IV) Oxide
• PbO2
• Calcium • Ca(OH)2
Hydroxide • Li3N
• Lithium Nitride
• SnSO4
• Tin (II) Sulfate
• CuBr2
• Copper (II)
Bromide • Li3PO4
• Lithium • Fe3P2
Phosphate
• Iron (II) Phosphide
• Acid – compound containing the H+ ion
at the beginning.
– Example:
• HCl
• HNO3
• H2SO4

• Neutralization – when acids react with

bases, they make salt & water. Salts
are made from the acid anion & the
base cation .
• Binary Acids (no oxygen) – add Hydro-
prefix to the beginning of the name and
change –ide to –ic ending.
– Example:
• HCl = Hydrochloric Acid
• H2S = Hydrosulfuric Acid
• Oxy Acids – contain oxygen Change –ate
endings to –ic and –ite ending to -ous
– Example
• HNO3 = Nitric Acid
• HNO2 = Nitrous Acid
• H2SO4 = Sulfuric Acid
• H2SO3 = Sulfurous Acid
• HI • Hydroiodic Acid
• H2CO3 • Carbonic Acid
• H3P • Hydrophosphoric
acid
• Phosphoric Acid
• H3PO4
• Chloric Acid
• HClO3
• Hydrofluoric Acid
• HF
• Nitrous Acid
• HNO2
 Why was the original
Thanksgiving (and others
after it) celebrated on
Thursday?
The Pilgrims has two prayer gathering a week –
Sunday and Thursday. They wanted to give
thanks during mid week prayer – thus it was
celebrated on Thursday.