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Chapter 29
Protists
Protists are the most diverse of the four eukaryotic kingdoms -Unicellular, colonial and multicellular groups The kingdom Protista is paraphyletic and grouped for convenience The 15 major protist phyla are grouped into seven major monophyletic groups -However, 60 lineages cannot be placed with confidence 2
Protists
Protists (Cont.)
Eukaryotic Origins
Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotes by the presence of a cytoskeleton and organelles Appearance of eukaryotes in microfossils occurred about 1.5 BYA
Eukaryotic Origins
The nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum arose from infoldings of prokaryotic cell membrane
Eukaryotic Origins
Many organelles evolved via endosymbiosis between an ancestral eukaryote and a bacterial cell -Mitochondria Aerobic bacteria Organisms that host chloroplasts are not monophyletic -Red and green algae engulfed cyanobacteria -Brown algae engulfed red algae -Secondary endosymbiosis 7
Eukaryotic Origins
Over time, most organellar genes moved into the nucleus -Therefore, these organelles cannot be grown in pure culture Mitosis and cytokinesis did not evolve in eukaryotes all at once -Intermediate mechanisms survive today -Fungal nuclear membranes do not dissolve
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Euglenozoa
Euglenoids were among the earliest eukaryotes to possess mitochondria -1/3rd have chloroplasts
Euglenozoa
Euglena -Two anterior (and unequal) flagella -Contractile vacuoles Collect excess water -Stigma Movement towards light -Numerous small chloroplasts -The concept of a single Euglena genus is now being debated
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Euglenozoa
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Euglenozoa
Kinetoplastids -Unique, single mitochondrion with DNA maxicircles and minicircles (RNA editing) -Trypanosomes cause human diseases -African sleeping sickness Tsetse fly -Leishmaniasis Sand fly -Difficult to control because organisms repeatedly change their protective coat
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Euglenozoa
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Alveolata
Alveolata have flattened vesicles called alveoli -These function like Golgi bodies below the cell membrane
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Alveolata
Dinoflagellates -Unicellular with two unequal flagella -Live in aquatic environments
-Most are photosynthetic -Do not appear to be directly related to any other phylum
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Alveolata
Dinoflagellates -Reproduction is primarily asexual -DNA is not complexed with histones -About 20 species produce powerful toxins that harm vertebrates -Blooms are responsible for red tide
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Alveolata
Apicomplexans -Spore-forming animal parasites -Apical complex is a unique arrangement of organelles at one end of the cell -Enables the cell to invade its host
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Alveolata
Plasmodium -An apicomplexan that causes malaria -Eradication of malaria 1. Elimination of mosquito vectors 2. Development of drugs 3. Development of vaccines -Organism has a very complex life cycle
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Alveolata
Other apicomplexans -Gregarines -Found in the intestines of arthropods, annelids and mollusks -Toxoplasma gondii -Causes infections in humans with immunosuppression
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Alveolata
Ciliates -Feature large numbers of cilia arranged in longtitudinal rows or spirals around the cell -Have two types of vacuoles -Food vacuoles = Digestion of food -Contractile vacuoles = Regulation of water balance
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Alveolata
Ciliates -Have two types of nuclei -Macronucleus = Divides by mitosis -Responsible for physiological functions -Micronucleus = Divides by meiosis -Involved in conjugation -Fusion of two cells of different mating types
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Stramenopila
Stramenopiles have very fine hairs on their flagella -A few species have lost their hairs during evolution
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Stramenopila
Brown algae -Kelps -Grow in relatively shallow waters throughout the world -Life cycle involves alternation of generations
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Stramenopila
Diatoms (Phylum Chrysophyta) -Unicellular organisms
Stramenopila
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Stramenopila
Oomycetes (water molds) -Were once considered fungi -Motile zoospores with two unequal flagella -Undergo sexual reproduction -Either parasites or saprobes -Phytophthora infestans -Irish potato famine (1845-1847)
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Rhodophyta
Rhodophyta, or red algae, range from microscopic to very large sizes -Lack flagella and centrioles -Have accessory photosynthetic pigments within phycobilisomes -Origin has been a source of controversy -Tentatively, treated as a sister clade of Chlorophyta (green algae)
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Rhodophyta
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Choanoflagellida
Choanoflagellates are most like the common ancestor of all animals -Single emergent flagellum, surrounded by funnel-shaped contractile collar -Use collar to feed on bacteria
Choanoflagellida
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-When food or moisture is scarce, organism forms sporangia, where spores are produced
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