BODY FLUIDS

University of the Cordilleras

Dorothy Silva-Jamero

Urine

is liquid waste product of the body secreted by the kidneys by a process of filtration from blood and excreted through the urethra. This waste is eventually expelled from the body in a process known as urination.

Urine

Composition

Water Electrolytes Nitrogen Acid Metabolites Dissolved heavy metals Glucose Bacteria

Urine

Properties

Color Odor pH Transparency Specific gravity

Urine

Test for Urea

Phenol red (also known as phenolsulfonphthalein or PSP) is a pH indicator that is frequently used in cell biology laboratories.

Phenol red

Urea Crystals

Long, colorless, rhombic prisms Soluble in water and alcohol

Uric acid crystals

Final product of purine oxidation Reddish crystals

Creatinine

a waste product formed by the slow, spontaneous degradation of creatine phosphate (muscles) useful for assessing kidney function
picric acid + NaOH ---red color

Creatinine

Glucose

Benedicts Test

Test for glucose Normally there is very little or no glucose in urine

Acetone bodies

Rotheras Test

test for the presence of ketone bodies, diacetic acid and acetone in urine Test used to determine level of acetone in the urine in order to determine existence of ketosis and diabetes mellitus.

Acetone bodies

trace protein, pH 8.5, +++ blood, trace ketone, + bilirubin, and marked glucosuria

Normal urine

Albumin

Proteinuria describes a condition in which urine contains an abnormal amount of protein Acetic acid increases precipitation on the heated protein solution turbid

Blood

Blood

Only fluid tissue in the human body Connective tissue

Living cells = formed elements Non-living matrix = plasma (90% water)

5 times thicker than water

Physical Characteristics

Color

Oxygen rich = scarlet red Oxygen poor = dull red

pH = 7.35 to 7.45 Slightly alkaline Temperature

Slightly higher than the body temperature

5.6 liters of about 6 quarts/body

Formed Elements

Erythrocytes = red blood cells Leukocytes = white blood cells Thrombocytes = platelets

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes

Carry oxygen Anatomy:

Biconcave Bags of hemoglobin (250 hemoglobin/RBC) Anucleate (no nucleus)

1000:1 (ratio of RBC to WBC)

Leukocytes

Defense against disease Complete cells Diapedesis Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues

Leukocyte Levels in the Blood

Normal = 4,000 to 11,000 cells/mL Abnormal

Leukocytosis

Above 11,000 cells/mL Generally indicates infection Abnormally low leukocyte level Caused by certain drugs

Leukopenia

Types of Leukocytes

Thrombocytes

Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) Needed for clotting process Normal platelet count = 300,000 cells/mm3

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast)

Fate of Erythrocytes

Unable to divide, grow or synthesize proteins Wear out in 100 to 120 days

Are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver Lost cells are replaced by division of stem cells

Hemostasis

Stoppage of blood flow (break in a blood vessel) Three phases

Platelet plug formation Vascular spasms coagulation

Vessel damage, blood loss, vascular spasm

Platelet plug forms

Coagulation

Coagulation

Blood Clotting

Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes Clot remains as endothelium regenerates Clot is broken down after tissue repair

Undesirable Clotting

Thrombus

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel Can be deadly in areas like the heart Thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

Embolus

Blood Groups and Transfusions

Large losses of blood have serious consequences:

Loss of 15% to 30% = weakness Loss of over 30% = shock

Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly

Human Blood Groups

There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens

Blood Groups

Rh Blood Groups

Named such because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) Most Americans are Rh+ Problems can occru in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh- blood

Rh Factor

Prevention and Treatment

Rh immune-globulin shots during her first pregnancy Exchange transfusions

Benzidine Test

Benzidine is a reagent that forms a blue precipitate upon oxidation by the heme group of hemoglobin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. it serves as a histochemical stain specific for differentiated red blood cells

Hemin Test

Formation of dark brown or chocolate-colored crystals of hemin

Presence of blood

Test for Glucose

Benedicts Test

Brick red precipitate

Test for Phosphate

Light green to molybdenum blue

Test for Chlorides

Formation of cloudy white precipitate

Test for Iron

Combine an unknown with aqueous KSCN to confirm the presence of iron (III) ions. Iron(III) reacts with the thiocyanate ion (SCN-) to produce the bright red FeSCN2+ ion.

Test for Oxyhemoglobin and Reduced Hemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin is scarlet in color; reduced hemoglobin is of a purplish color. Hemoglobin is a member of the same class of porphyrins to which chlorophyll also belongs. A hemoglobin molecule consists of a porphyrin ring with a central iron atom (heme), hooked to a clump of protein called globin.

The End