Computer Communication & Networks

Lecture 1 Introduction http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCCNbsSp09/index.asp

Waleed Ejaz waleed.ejaz@uettaxila.edu.pk

Overview

Administrative Networking: An Overview of Ideas and Issues

Whos Who

Instructor

Engr. Waleed Ejaz

2006 -2008 MS (Computer Engineering) from NUST Area of Specialization: Communication & Computer Networks 2003-2006 BE (Computer Engineering) from UET Taxila

Lab Engineer

Engr. Noshina Ishaq

Web Resources
Course web http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCCNbsS p09/index.asp This website and email will serve as a communication medium between you and me besides the lecture timing.

Do visit the course website regularly and see Recent Announcements for updates.
4

Grading Policy

Final Exam: Grand Quiz Assignments Quizzes: Labs

100 10 5 10 25

Answers to FAQs

All home works are due at the beginning of the class indicated on the course calendar

After that 10% penalty: only if submitted before solutions are posted.

Exams are closed-book and extremely time limited. Exams consist of design questions, numerical, maybe true-false and short answer questions. More about Exams you can see Past Exams from WEB.
6

Reading

Text book:

Data Communications and Networking, 4/e

B.A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, 2003, ISBN 0-07-292354-7.

Reference books:

Computer Networking, a top-down approach featuring the Internet (3rd edition),

J.K.Kurose, K.W.Ross, Addison-Wesley, 2005, ISBN 0-321-26976-4.

Computer Networks, A Systems Approach L. Peterson & Davie

Required Skills

The course does not assume prior knowledge of networking.

My Requirement from YOU

I require YOU to take active part during lectures

Which means Lot of Questioning in the class (Interactive session)

Aim of the Course

Aim of the course is to introduce you to the world of computer networks, so that you could

know the science being used in running this network Use this knowledge in your professional field

10

Network design

Before looking inside a computer network, first agree on what a computer network is

11

Computer network ?
Specialized to handle:

Set of serial lines to attach terminals to mainframe ? Telephone network carrying voice traffic ? Cable network to disseminate video signals ?

Keystrokes Voice Video

12

What distinguishes a Computer network ?

Generality Built from general purpose programmable hardware Supports wide range of applications

13

Information, Computers, Networks

Information: anything that is represented in bits

Form (can be represented as bits) vs Substance (cannot be represented as bits)

Properties:

Infinitely replicable Computers can manipulate information Networks create access to information

14

Networks

Potential of networking:

move bits everywhere, cheaply, and with desired

performance characteristics Network provides connectivity

15

What is Connectivity ?

Direct or indirect access to every other node in the network Connectivity is the magic needed to communicate if you do not have a direct pt-pt physical link.

Tradeoff: Performance characteristics worse than true physical link!

16

Building Blocks

Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware

hosts switches

Links: coax cable, optical fiber

point-to-point

multiple access
17

Why not connect each node with every other node ?

Number of computers that can be connected becomes very limited Number of wires coming out of each node becomes unmanageable Amount of physical hardware/devices required becomes very expensive Solution: indirect connectivity using intermediate data forwarding nodes

18

Switched Networks

A network can be defined recursively as...

two or more nodes connected by a link white nodes (switches) implement the network colored nodes (hosts) use the network
19

Switched Networks

A network can be defined recursively as...

two or more networks connected by one or more nodes: internetworks white nodes (router or gateway) interconnects the networks a cloud denotes any type of independent network

20

A Network
A network can be defined recursively as
two or more nodes connected by a physical link Or two or more networks connected by one or more nodes

21

Switching Strategies

Circuit switching: carry bit streams

a.

Packet switching: storeand-forward messages

a. operates on discrete blocks of data b. utilizes resources according to traffic demand c. send/receive messages at variable rate d. example: Internet

b.

c.

d.

establishes a dedicated circuit links reserved for use by communication channel send/receive bit stream at constant rate example: original telephone network

22

What next ?

Hosts are directly or indirectly connected to each other

Can we now provide host-host connectivity ?

Nodes must be able to say which host it wants to communicate with

23

Addressing and Routing

Address: byte-string that identifies a node

usually unique
process of determining how to forward messages to the destination node based on its address unicast: node-specific broadcast: all nodes on the network multicast: some subset of nodes on the network
24

Routing: forwarding decisions

Types of addresses

Wrap-up

A network can be constructed from nesting of networks An address is required for each node that is reachable on the network Address is used to route messages toward appropriate destination
25

What next ?

Hosts know how to reach other hosts on the network How should a node use the network for its communication ? All pairs of hosts should have the ability to exchange messages: cost-effective resource sharing for efficiency
26

Multiplexing

Physical links and nodes are shared among users

(synchronous) Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) L1 R1 L2 L3 Switch 1 R2 R3

Multiple flows on a single link

Switch 2

Do you see any problem with TDM / FDM ?

27

What Goes Wrong in the Network?

Reliability at stake

Bit-level errors (electrical interference) Packet-level errors (congestion)

distinction between lost and late packet

distinction between broken and flaky link distinction between failed and slow node

Link and node failures

28

What Goes Undesirable in the Network?

Required performance at stake

Messages are delayed Messages are delivered out-of-order Third parties eavesdrop

The challenge is to fill the gap between application expectations and hardware capabilities
29

Research areas in Networking

Routing Security Ad-hoc networks Wireless networks Protocols Quality of Service

30

Readings

Chapter 1: 1.1, 1.2

Computer Networks, A Systems Approach L. Peterson & Davie

31

32