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Definition
Reliability is a general quality of an object an ability to perform a desired function, sustaining the values of rated operational indicators in given limits and time according to given technical conditions.
Reliability is probability that an activity of an appliance in given time and given operation conditions will be adequate to its purpose.
EIA (Electronic Industry Association, USA)
Reliability Calculations
1. Reliability of single parts of networks in the time of production of project documentation
Restored x Not restored objects Mean time between failures x Mean time to failure
(number of outages/year/consumer)
Bathtub curve
II
III
The relation between the function of reliability and failure rate is:
Poissons division
Weibulls deal
The empirical method is mostly used for obtaining the input values for reliability calculations, because an application of a priori reliability method requires different attitude to every element of electricity system.
Database range
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Heterogeneous Data
Results
Failure rate
N Z P
(year-1)
N = number of failures (-) Z = number of elements of the given type in the network (-) P = the considered period (year)
Results
t
i 1
(h)
Results
(h)
(year-1)
0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
-1
Results
EZ 22/80 14.5 215 14 3 5.2 3.5 0.03 2500 0.04 1300 0.015 30 0.01 100
2000 - 2009 5.480 4.034 3.018 4.163 0.370 3.992 0.007 4.315 0.059 0.480 0.016 64.179 0.052 47.425
Results
Causes before starting operation Operation and maintenance causes Foreign influences Forced outage Cause not explained Other causes
Markovs processes
Method of reliabilty schemes Simulative methods
make-up of reliability diagram, assignment of relevant reliability quantities to single elements, simplification of reliability diagram towards one element,
Advantages:
considered systems do not have to really exist as yet, procedure of solving is well-arranged and not exacting concerning mathematics, mathematical procedure does not require iterative calculation, accuracy of results depends only on the accuracy of input parameters of calculation.
Disadvantages:
-
it is impossible to pursue power balance of network, T type bay can be modelled only approximately.
P(A) P(B)
Series systems
A failure of one element leads to a failure of a system.
Parallel Systems
A failure of a system occurs when all elements have a failure
Probability of a failure:
Simplified
Probability of failure-free run:
The disadvantage is that this methodology does not include so-called coordination of maintenance.
These operating states are considered with calculation: operation, failure outage, maintenance outage. Supposition and simplification:
the effect of weather on failure rate and repair rate is not taken into account, exponential division of distributive function of time of failures and repairs for all elements of electric network is taken into account, average data are started from.
Maintenance outage cannot occur at this connection, because at the failure of one element maintenance of another element will not begin.
Advantages:
- considered systems do not have to really exist as yet, - considered systems can be too complicated for using analytical methods, - simulation makes possible study of behaviour of systems in real, accelerated, or retarded time. The second possibility is the most important in this case, because the processes of outage of elements and their re-introduction into operation are very slow. It would be very inefficient to study them in any other time but accelerated. - with simulation it is possible to verify results obtained by other independant processes, - possibility of modelling T type bays - simple power balance of a diagram is carried out, outage is always simulated at overloaded elements.
- construction of a useful simulation model is very time-consuming. Mostly several variants of a model are needed.
- simulation is a numerical method, so a solution of certain problem cannot be generally transferred on analogous problems. - the results obtained from stochastic simulation models are values of accidental quantities, and it would be very computer time-consuming if their accuracy should be increased - precision of results depends on the number of iterations, - the needed number of iterations depends on the extent of the solved network and on the required precision.