substation

Background A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in several steps.

Types of electric substations

There are four major types of electric substations 1-The first type is the switchyard at a generating station. 2-the system substation. 3-the customer substation. 4-the distribution station.

System requirements including

Load growth System stability System reliability System capacity

Customer requirements including

Additional load Power quality Reliability Customer relations Neighborhood impact

Site Selection
the following site evaluation criteria could be used Economical evaluation 1-return on investment 2-initial capital cost 3-life cycle cost.

Technical evaluation 1-Land: choose areas that minimize the need for earth movement and soil disposal. 2-Water: avoid interference with the natural drainage network. 3-Vegetation: choose low productivity farming areas or uncultivated land. 4-Protected areas: avoid any areas or spots listed as protected areas. 5-Community planning: avoid urban areas, development land, or land held in reserve for future development

6-Community involvement: engage community in the approval process. 7-Soil: suitable for construction of roads and foundations; low soil resistivity is desirable. 8-Access: easy access to and from the site for transportation of large equipment, operators, and maintenance teams 9-Pollution: risk of equipment failure and maintenance costs increase with pollution level.
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Design, Construction, and Commissioning Process

Design Site Preparation Drainage, earth work , roads , access Foundations and concrete design Structures Materials (electrical , mechanical and chemical effects)
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Buildings Control, metering, relaying, and annunciation buildings and switchgear buildings Mechanical Systems 1- HVAC 2- Switchgear building ventilation 3- Fire fighting system

Electrical Systems 1-Incoming(Transmission line cable ) 2-Transformer 2-Ac/Dc room 3-Charger room 4-Battary room 5-General alarm and contol panels 6-Protection panels 7-Switch gear and local control panels 8-Interface panels 9-Transformer 10-Outgoing(transmission cable)

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Some factors takes into account in electrical design 1-insulators(types-rated voltage-switching impulse level factors affecting insulators) 2-overvoltages(reasons: Atmospheric and switching overvoltages protective element: surge arresters and skywires) 3- Grounding (Allowable limits of body currentAllowable limits of step and touch voltages-Soil resistivity-type of earthing method) 4- Neutral Systems(grounded_ungrounded) Communication system 1-Battery charger 2-Battery 3-Communication panels

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Station Construction With permits in hand and drawings published, the construction of the station can begin All the civil, electrical, and electronic systems are installed at this time. Proper attention should also be paid to site security during the construction phase not only to safeguard the material and equipment, but also to protect the public.
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Station Commissioning Once construction is complete, testing of various systems can commence and all punch-list items addressed. To avoid duplication of testing, it is recommended to develop an inspection, testing and acceptance plan (ITAP). Elements of ITAP include 1-Factory acceptance tests (FAT) 2-Site delivery acceptance test (SDAT) 3-Site acceptance tests (SAT) Final tests of the completed substation in a partially energized environment to determine acceptability and conformance to customer requirements under conditions as close as possible to normal operation conditions will finalize the in-service tests and turn-over to operations.

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Types of substations according to its configuration

Outdoor type with air insulated equipment Indoor type with air insulated equipment Outdoor type with gas insulated equipment Indoor type with gas insulated equipment Mixed technology substations
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Switchgear components

Circuit Breaker Current Transformers Voltage Transformers Disconnect Switches Ground Switches Surge Arrester Control System Power Cable Connections Air Connection
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Bus bar arrangement

1- Single bus

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2- Double busdouble breaker

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3-Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement

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4-Double bus single breaker

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5-Breaker-and-a-Half Arrangement

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Thanks
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