2 Dir. Oc + Ef Protn - Apps - Areva - PN

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior

written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
GRID
Technical Institute
Application of Directional
Overcurrent
and Earthfault Protection
> Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection 2 2
Directional Protection
Need for Directional Control
Generally required if current can flow in both directions
through a relay location
e.g. Parallel feeder circuits
Ring Main Circuits

2.1 0.5 0.9 0.1 1.3 1.7
Ring Main Circuits

Grading has now been lost !
2.1 0.5 0.9 0.1 1.3 1.7
Ring Main Circuits

Relays operate for current flow in direction indicated
(Typical operating times shown)
0.9 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.1
Ring Main Circuit
With ring closed :
Both load and fault current may flow in either
direction along feeder circuits
Thus, directional relays are required
Note: Directional relays look into the feeder
Need to establish setting philosophy
51 67
51
Load
67 67
Load
67 67 67
Load
Ring Main Circuit
Procedure :
1. Open ring at A
Grade : A' - E' - D' - C' - B'
2. Open ring at A'
Grade : A - B - C - D - E
Typical operating times shown.
Note : Relays B, C, D, E may be non-directional.
1.3 0.1
0.1
0.9 0.5
0.9
0.5
B'
A'
B
E E'
A
1.7
D'
D
1.7
1.3
C' C
Ring System with Two Sources
Discrimination between all relays is not possible due to different
requirements under different ring operating conditions.

For F1 :- B must operate before A
For F2 :- B must operate after A
Not
Compatible
}
B' B C' C
D D'
F1
B
F2
A
A'
Ring System with Two Sources
Option 1
Trip least important source instantaneously then treat as normal ring
main.
Option 2
Fit pilot wire protection to circuit A - B and consider as common source
busbar.
A
B
Option 1
Option 1 Option 1
Option 2
Option 2
50
PW PW
Parallel Feeders
Non-Directional Relays :-

Conventional Grading :-
Grade A with C
and Grade B with D

Relays A and B have
the same setting.
51
51
A
D
Load
51
B
51 C
A & B
C & D
Fault level
at F
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

Parallel Feeders
Consider fault on one feeder :-

Relays C and D see the same fault current (I
2
). As C and
D have similar settings both feeders will be tripped.
51 A 51
C
51 B 51
D
LOAD
I
1
+ I
2

I
1

I
2

Parallel Feeders
Solution:- Directional Control at C and D

Relay D does not operate due to current flow in the reverse
direction.
51 A 67
C
51 B 67 D
LOAD
I
1
+ I
2

I
1

I
2

Parallel Feeders
Setting philosophy for directional relays

Load current always flows in non-operate direction.
Any current flow in operate direction is indicative of a fault
condition.
51
A 67
E
51 B
67
C
D
Load
51
Parallel Feeders
Usually, relays are set :-
- 50% of full load current (note thermal rating)
- IDMT rather than DT
- Minimum T.M.S. (0.1)
Parallel Feeders - Application Note
P
B
B
D
D
Load
Load
I
f3

A
C
I
f1

I
f2/2

I
f2

B
C
D
I
fmax

A
Grade A with B with C at If
1
(single feeder in service)

Grade B with D at If
3
=If
1
(upper feeder open at P)

Grade A with B at If
2

(both feeders in service)
- check that sufficient margin exists
for bus fault at Q when relay A sees
total fault current If
2
, but relay B
sees only If
2
/2.
I
f1

I
f2

M
M = Margin
M
M
Q
Establishing Direction
Establishing Direction:- Polarising Quantity
The DIRECTION of Alternating Current may only be
determined with respect to a COMMON REFERENCE.

In relaying terms, the REFERENCE is called the POLARISING
QUANTITY.

The most convenient reference quantity is POLARISING
VOLTAGE taken from the Power System Voltages.

Directional Decision by Phase Comparison (1)
S
1
= Reference Direction = Polarising Signal = V
POL

S
2
= Current Signal = I

OPERATION when S
2
is within 90 of S
1
:-
S
1
S
2
S
2
S
2
S
2
S
2
S
2
S
2
Directional Decision by Phase Comparison (2)
RESTRAINT when S
2
lags S
1
by between 90 and 270 :-
S
2

S
1

S
2

S
2

S
2

S
2

S
2

S
2

Polarising Voltage for A Phase Overcurrent Relay
OPERATE SIGNAL = I
A

POLARISING SIGNAL :- Which voltage to use ?
Selectable from
V
A
V
B
V
C
V
A-B
V
B-C
V
C-A

Directional Relay
Applied Voltage : V
A

Applied Current : I
A

Question :
- is this connection suitable for a typical power system ?
I
A

V
A

Operate
Restrain
V
AF

I
AF

Polarising Voltage
Applied Voltage : V
BC

Applied Current : I
A

Polarising voltage remains
healthy
Fault current is near centre
of characteristic
I
A

V
BC

ZERO SENSITIVITY
LINE
V
A

I
AF

I
VBC

VBC

MAXIMUM SENSITIVITY LINE
Relay Connection Angle
The angle between the current applied to the relay and the
voltage applied to the relay at system unity power factor

e.g. 90 (Quadrature) Connection : I
A
and V
BC

The 90 connection is now used for all overcurrent relays.
30 and 60 connections were also used in the past, but no
longer, as the 90 connection gives better performance.

I
A

V
A

90
V
BC

V
C

V
B

Relay Characteristic Angle (R.C.A.)
for Electronic Relays
The angle by which the current applied to the relay must be
displaced from the voltage applied to the relay to produce maximum
operational sensitivity
e.g. 45
OPERATE
I
A
FOR MAXIMUM OPERATE
SENSITIVITY
RESTRAIN
45
V
A

RCA
V
BC

90 Connection - 45 R.C.A.
RELAY CURRENT VOLTAGE
A I
A
V
BC

B I
B
V
CA

C I
C
V
AB

I
A

V
A

90
V
B
V
C

MAX SENSITIVITY
LINE
OPERATE
I
A
FOR MAX
SENSITIVITY
RESTRAIN
45
45
135
V
A

V
BC

V
BC

90 Connection - 30 R.C.A.
RELAY CURRENT VOLTAGE
A I
A
V
BC

B I
B
V
CA

C I
C
V
AB

I
A

V
A

90
V
B
V
C

V
BC

30
30
OPERATE
MAX
SENSITIVITY
LINE
RESTRAIN
I
A
FOR MAX
SENSITIVITY
150
V
A

V
BC

Selection of R.C.A. (1)
90 connection 30 RCA (lead)
Plain feeder, zero sequence source behind relay
Overcurrent Relays
Selection of R.C.A. (2)
90 connection 45 RCA (lead)
Plain or Transformer Feeder :- Only Zero Sequence Source is in
Front of Relay
Transformer Feeder :- Delta/Star Transformer in Front of Relay

Directional Earthfault Protection
Directional Earth Fault
Requirements are similar to directional overcurrent
i.e. need operating signal
and polarising signal

Operating Signal
obtained from residual connection of line CT's
i.e. I
op
= 3I
o

Polarising Signal
The use of either phase-neutral or phase-phase voltage as
the reference becomes inappropriate for the comparison with
residual current.
Most appropriate polarising signal is the residual voltage.
Residual Voltage (1)
May be obtained from broken delta V.T. secondary.

Notes :
1. VT primary must be earthed.
2. VT must be of the '5 limb' construction (or 3 x single phase units)
V
RES
= V
A-G
+ V
B-G
+ V
C-G
= 3V
0

A
B
C
V
RES

V
C-G

V
B-G
V
A-G

Solidly Earthed System
Residual Voltage at R (relaying point) is dependant upon Z
S
/ Z
L
ratio.

3E x
Z 2Z Z 2Z
Z
V
L0 L1 S0 S1
S0
RES
+ + +
=
E
S R F
Z
L

Z
S

A-G
V
C
V
C

V
C

V
B
V
B
V
B

V
RES

V
A

V
A

V
RES

V
B
V
C

V
C
V
C
V
B
V
B

V
A

V
A

Resistance Earthed System
3E x
3Z Z 2Z Z 2Z
3Z Z
V
E L0 L1 S0 S1
E S0
RES
+ + + +
+
=
V
A-G

V
A-G
V
A-G

V
A-G

V
B-G

V
C-G

G.F G.F
V
B-G

V
RES

V
RES

V
RES

V
C-G
V
C-G
V
C-G

V
C-G
V
B-G

V
C-G

V
B-G
V
B-G
V
B-G

E
N
G
S R
F
Z
L

Z
S

Z
E

A-G
G.F
Relay Characteristic Angle (R.C.A.)
Voltage Polarising Signal
Rotate V
RES
by 180
O
to obtain voltage polarisation signal
0
O
, -45
O
or -60
O
R.C.A. applied for maximum sensitivity

e.g. - 45
V
A

V
C

V
B

V
F

V
RES

Rotate V
RES
by 180
MAX SENSITIVITY
LINE
I
RES
FOR MAX
SENSITIVITY
-45
OPERATE
RESTRAIN
Residual Voltage Polarisation
Relay Characteristic Angle
0 - Resistance/Petersen Coil earthed systems
-45 (I lags V) - Distribution systems (solidly earthed)
-60 (I lags V) - Transmission systems (solidly earthed)
+90 (I leads V) - Insulated systems

Zero Sequence Network :-

V
0
= 0 - I
0
(Z
S0
+ 3R)
(Relay Point)
Z
L0
Z
S0

I
0

V
0
3R
Insulated Systems (1)
a b c
Source
I
cb

I
ca

I
c

I
cb

I
ca

I
c

I
cb

I
ca

2I
c

3I
c

Location CT's
Insulated Systems (2)
Faulty Feeder
V
RES

a
b
c
I
ca

I
cb

I
c

-3I
c

Healthy Feeders
V
RES

I
c
= I
ca
+ I
cb

RCA
Operate
Restrain
V
POL

-2I
c

RCA
Operate
Restrain
V
RES

V
POL

I
L

Peterson Coil Earthed Systems (1)
a b c
Source
I
cb

I
ca

I
c

I
cb

I
ca

I
c

I
cb

I
ca

2I
c

Location of CT's
3I
c

I
c

I
L

I
L

Negative Phase Sequence Voltage Polarisation
Transmission Systems
Directional earth fault used as back-up protection
Can form part of a directional scheme
V
RES
might be unreliable due to mutual coupling
Unsuitable VT for V
RES
measurement (i.e. open delta, 3-limb)

Negative Sequence Network :-

V
2
= 0 I
2
(Z
S2
)
Z
L2
Z
S2

I
2

V
2

(Relay Point)
Z
S1
=Z
S2

Z
L1
=Z
L2

Current Polarising
A solidly earthed, high fault level (low source impedance)
system may result in a small value of residual voltage at the
relaying point. If residual voltage is too low to provide a reliable
polarising signal then a current polarising signal may be used
as an alternative.
The current polarising signal may be derived from a CT located
in a suitable system neutral to earth connection.
e.g.
POL
OP
DEF Relay
Current Polarising (1)
POL
DEF RELAY
INCORRECT
OP
Direction of current depends on fault
position
POL
DEF RELAY
CORRECT
OP
POL
DEF RELAY
CORRECT IF
Z
LO
+ Z
SO
IS
POSITIVE
S
OP
POL
DEF RELAY
OP
CORRECT
Auto Transformers (1)
Z
T

Z
L

Z
H

SOURCE
Z
S
SOURCE
DEF
RELAY
Neutral connection is suitable for current
polarising if earthfault current flows up the
neutral for faults on H.V. & L.V. sides.
Auto Transformers (2)
Check :

For correct application
(Note : there is also a possibility that neutral current may be zero.
Alternative : Use C.T. in one leg of A winding)
1
V
V
x
Z Z Z
Z
L
H
T0 L0 S0
T0
<
+ +
Unloaded
Delta
Loaded
Delta
For LV Faults
T
H
L
I
N
= 3 (I
LO
- I
HO
)
I
H
I
L

For HV Faults
T
H
L
I
N
= 3 (I
HO
- I
LO
)
I
H

I
L

Auto-Transformer Example
T
H
L
I
N
= 3 (I
HO
- I
LO
)
Z
S

Z
S0
Z
L0
Z
H0

I
H0
I
L0

I
0

Z
T0

kA in
kV x 3
MVA
x
p.u. in
H
base
0
0 H0

=
=
kA in
kV x 3
MVA
x .
Z Z Z
Z

p.u. in .
Z Z Z
Z

L
base
0
L0 S0 T0
T0
0
L0 S0 T0
T0
L0

+ +
=
+ +
=
1
Z Z Z
Z

kV
kV
or
Z Z Z
Z

kV
1

kV
1
if ve is
Z Z Z
Z

kV
1
-
kV
1

3
.MVA 3

L0 S0 T0
T0
L
H
L0 S0 T0
T0
L H
N
L0 S0 T0
T0
L H
base 0
N
<
(
+ +
(
+ +
> +
)
`
+ +
=

T
H L
I
N
= 3 (I
LO
- I
HO
)
Z
S

Z
S0
Z
L0
Z
H0

I
H0
I
L0

I
0

Z
T0

IH0 = 0
IN = 3IL0 which is +ve.
Directional Control
Static Relay (MCGG + METI)
Characteristic Selectable
51
I
Overcurrent Unit
(Static)
67
V
I
M.T.A. Selectable
Directional Unit
(Static)
Numerical Relay Directional Characteristic
Characteristic angle c
c = -95 0 95
in 1 steps

Polarising thresholds
Vp 2V to 320V
in 2V steps

VT supervision
selectively block operation

Zone of
forward start
forward operation
Reverse start
(c - 90) (c + 90) c
+Is
-Is

2 Dir. Oc + Ef Protn - Apps - Areva - PN

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This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be

transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior

> Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection 56 56

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