REFERENCING WORKHOP

How to Cite References –

Chicago Style
Learning Aims
 To understand what is Plagiarism
 To understand what is Referencing
 To understand why you should reference
 To learn to recognise details required to
make up a citation
 To learn to construct citations
 What is Plagiarism?
 Plagiarism is presenting other people’s
words and ideas as your own; or using
other people’s words and ideas without
acknowledgement
 It is a serious ACADEMIC OFFENCE.
Will lead to your work being disregarded
or disciplinary action being taken
In the United States…

72%
…of students admitted cheating on a written assignment

Based on the research of Donald L. McCabe, Rutgers University

Source: “CIA Research.” Center for Academic Integrity, Duke University, 2003 <http://academicintegrity.org/cai_research.asp>.
 If you have…
 included the
words and ideas
of others in your
work that you
neglected to cite,

 had help you

wouldn’t want
your teacher to
know about,

YOU HAVE PROBABLY PLAGIARISED!!

 Intentional Plagiarism
 Copying a friend’s
work

 Buying or
borrowing paper

 Cutting and
pasting blocks of
text from
electronic sources
without
documenting

 Media
“borrowing”witho
Un-Intentional
Plagiarism
 Careless paraphrasing
 Poor documentation

 Quoting excessively

 Failure to use your

own “voice”
 Excuse
It’s okay if
I don’t get caught! s
Everyone does it!

This assignment
was BORING!
I was too busy to
write that paper!
(Job, big game, too much homework!)
My teachers
expect
too much!
I and parents/
bosses
I’ve got to get expect “A”s!
into
??? U.!
What are the Consequences?
Is it worth
the risk?
 “0” on the assignment
 Referral to administrators
 Suspension or dismissal
from school and/or
activities
 Note on student record
 Loss of reputation among
the school community
 Loss of job
 Prosecution
Do we need to cite Everything?
 Hooray for

Nope!
common
knowledge!

 Facts that are widely known

 Information or judgments
considered “common
knowledge”

Need no documentation!
Examples of Common Knowledge
 Pak Lah is the
present Prime The Eiff
el Towe
r is in Pa
ris (duh
!)
Minister of
Malaysia
 The Japanese
attacked Pearl
Harbor on
December 7,
1941
No need to cite or quote
when:
 You are discussing
your own
experiences,
observations, or
reactions

 Compiling the results

of original research,
from science
experiments, etc.

You are using



common knowledge
 Why Must You Uphold Academic
Integrity?
 When you copy you cheat
yourself. You limit your own
learning.
 The consequences are not
worth the risks!
 It is only right to give credit
to authors whose ideas you
use
 Citing gives authority to the
information you present
 Citing makes it possible for
your readers to locate your
source
 Education is not an “us vs.
them” game! It’s about
learning to learn!
 Cheating is unethical
behavior
Examples of Plagiarism
 Downloading essays from the Internet and submitting as your own
work
 Buying, borrowing or stealing someone else’s essay and submitting as
your own
 Copying, cutting and pasting text from the Internet
 Using the words of someone else and presenting it as your own – ie
copying sections from a book or article and presenting it without
acknowledgement
 Using significant ideas from someone else and presenting it as your
own – i.e. putting someone else’s ideas without
acknowledgment
 Quoting word for word without quotation marks and acknowledgment
 Using too much of other people’s work – Avoid long quotations, too
much direct quotations (even with proper acknowledgment) is not
acceptable
Then what is the right way
of ‘borrowing’ the ideas of
others?
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Inevitably your writing will include discoveries, ideas and writings of experts
in your field of study but this must be incorporated carefully in your
work
1. Use your own words and ideas
2. Do not copy and paste information, write a few connecting sentences or
paragraphs and then present it as your own work
3. If you have to incorporate the ideas and writings of others, incorporate it
carefully making sure you give credit when you use:
* Someone else’s ideas, opinion or theory
* Any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings or any information
that is not common knowledge
4. Quoting, Paraphrasing and Summarising are different ways to incorporate
the work of other writers in your own writing
How to Avoid Plagiarism
5. Avoid using other people’s work and making minor “cosmetic”
changes.
Example:
Changing the word “often” to “frequently” or reversing the order of
a sentence

6. Whenever you are in doubt, it is safer to CITE.

Learn How Io Incorporate Work of
Others Into Your Own Work

To avoid plagiarism, you have to understand how to

effectively incorporate materials into your own writing by
knowing :
 How to quote correctly from a source

 How to paraphrase the words and ideas of others

 How to summarise the words and ideas of others

 What is a Quotation?

 The exact reproduction of the written or spoken words

 Matches the source word for word
 Appears within quotation marks
 Must be attributed to the original source
 What is Paraphrasing?

 Presenting a text in your own words but keeping the same

meaning
 Does not match the source word for word
 Must be attributed to the original source
 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
 Re-read the original passage until you understand the full meaning
 Put the original away and write your paraphrase on a note card
 Write down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you how
you would use the material. At top of note card, write keyword or
phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase
 Check your paraphrase with the original to ensure what you have
written accurately express all the essential information in a new form
 Use quotation marks to identify unique terms or phrases you have
borrowed exactly from the source
 Record the source(including the page) on your note card so that you
can make acknowledgement easily when you incorporate the material
in your assignment
(Taken from Purdue university Online writing Lab at
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ )
 What is Summarising?
 Involves putting main ideas of the text in your own words
 Presents a broad overview; as such it is much shorter than
the original text
 Does not match the source word for word
 Must be attributed to the original source
Useful Websites on Academic Writing

University of New South Wales, The Learning Centre

 How to Quote, Paraphrase and Summarise:
http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/sumpara.html

Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL)

 http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

University of Wisconsin-Madison website on The Writing Center

 http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/QuotingSources.html

 http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/index.html
Introduction : What is Referencing/Citation?

A reference or citation is a consistent method of

acknowledging another person’s idea, which you have
used in your own essay or assignment
 When writing an essay, project, dissertation, it is essential that you
provide detailed and precise information on all the SOURCES you
have consulted both in the text and in the Reference List at the end of
your piece of work
 Remember to record the details of all items you have referred to
Why Do Referencing?
 To acknowledge the work of others and avoid
accusation of plagiarism
 To prove that your paper / assignment is supported
by facts
 To enable other researchers to trace or refer to
your sources
The Four Steps to Referencing
 Record
 Organise
 Cite
 List
Record
 At the time of reading an article/book/document,etc. record all
information (bibliographic details) necessary to create a citation
 Record page numbers for :
- direct quotation
- journal articles
- book chapters

Information required depends on whether you are citing a whole book,

part of a book( eg. chapter, section or conference paper), a journal
article or electronic source. Ensure you record all necessary details.
Difficult to retrace your steps in locating information at a later stage.
Organise
 Keep the information in a format where you can easily
retrieve later

 Suggestions:
- cards which can be filed systematically
- a master reference list on your computer

 Software packages for referencing, eg. EndNotes

 Cite

 Based on the citation style you are expected to

use, create in-text citation in the text of your
essay/ assignment/ project paper, etc.
 List

 Create your Reference List at the end of your

written work. Your Reference List should list
records :
- in alphabetical order by author or title if
there is no author
- the use of capital letters, format and
punctuation must be consistent to the
citation style used
- with hanging indentation
Citation In Text
• In the body of the text / paper, the source of a quotation, paraphrased
material or summary must be cited

• Chicago Manual of Style 2003

• Chicago style, when referring to a source of information within the

text, gives a short citation consisting of the name of the author and
the date of publication. Three types of information are to be included
in the text at appropriate points :
*author’s surname
*date of publication
*page number (for direct quotation
only)
 The short in-text citations are given in parentheses (round
brackets)
 No distinction is made between books, journal articles,
electronic documents or other formats
 Reference to electronic documents should be cited in the
same way as a printed document
 The reference should be placed at the end of the sentence
wherever possible.
 Alternatively, author’s name may be integrated into the
text, and just the date and other additional information
placed within brackets
Examples of Citations
 A reference to a book appearing in the text
as (Smith 2003) will be found in the
reference list as:

Smith, John. 2003. An Introduction

to Radio Production. New York :
Prentice- Hall.
Examples of Citations

 A reference to a journal article appearing as

(Pascale 1984) will appear in the bibliography as:

Pascale, Robert T. 1984. Perspective on

Strategy: the Real Story Behind
Honda’s Success. California
Management Review 26 (3): 47-72.
Citation In text
Citing a work by a single author

Generally, use surname of author followed by the year of

publication
Example :
Smith (1999) explained that knowledge…….
OR
In a recent study on knowledge management
(Smith 1999)

If the name of author appears as part of the narrative, as in the

1st example, cite only the year in parentheses. Otherwise
Citation In Text
Citing a work by 2 authors

When a book has 2 authors, ALWAYS cite both names in the text of
your paper
Example :
In a recent study, Johnson and Taylor (1999) discussed…

OR

In a recent study on risk management…

(Johnson and Taylor 1999)
Citation In Text
Citing a work by more than 3 authors

When a book has > 3 authors, use surname of first author

listed and followed by “and others” or “et al.”
Example :
James and others (1998) discovered in their study…
(This is for a document by James, Brown, Wood &
Williams)

OR
According to the study… (James et al.1998)

Please note that names of all authors are listed in the

Reference List/Bibliography
Citation In Text
Citing works by authors with same surnames

When there are works by authors with same

surnames, differentiate by including authors’
initials.

Example :

James, A. K.
James, S.W.
Citation In Text
Citing a work with no authors

When the work has no author, cite in text, the first few words
of the reference which is usually the title and the year. Use
italics for title.
Example :

In The Passage through Time (1996, 236) …

Citation In Text
Citing a work with no date of publication

When the work has no date of publication, cite in text, the

author’s surname and “n.d.”

Example :
Smith (n.d.) stated that …

OR
In a recent study… (Smith, n.d.)
Citation In Text
Citing in text for newspapers

If there is an author, cite the normal way with the author and
date. If not, cite the newspaper title in italics. Include
specific date, page and section if appropriate.

Example :
In New Straits Times (25 Feb. 2002,12), it was reported
Citation In Text
Multiple works by the same author in the same year

If author has published >1 document in a year, differentiate

by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year
Example:
Tacit knowledge is personal knowledge….. (Polanyi 1973a)

Knowledge management….. (Polanyi 1973b)

Citation In Text
More than one work cited

 (Smith 1998; Thomson 2001) OR

 Smith (1998) and Thomson (2001) demonstrated
that …
Citation In Text
Quoting in text or Direct quotes

Example :
Kuhn (1984, 123 ) observed that “ the transition from a
paradigm …”

When quoting directly from another source, ensure quotation

marks are used and relevant page(s) no. given
Citation In Text
 Electronic Books and Electronic Journals
For electronic books and journal articles, cite as
for printed books and journal articles.

EXAMPLE:
(Johnson 2003)
Citation In Text
 Internet Sites
• If there is an author, cite author and date.
• If there are no author, date or title, cite the
internet address. Eg. (http://www.abc.com)
Citation In Text
No Page Numbers for Electronic Documents

For electronic sources with no page numbers, use

paragraph no. if available. Use the abbreviation
(par.)

EXAMPLE:
(Johnson 2000, Conclusion section, par.2)
Citation In Text
 Personal Communication
Includes conversation, interviews, unsourced
lecture materials, telephone conversation, letters
and email messages. These are unpublished and
not included in the reference list or bibliographies.
They are not given formal parenthetical references
in the text. Instead references to this form of
material usually run into the text
 Guide to Chicago Style In-Text Citation

Murdoch University Library :

 http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/ -
Presentation of References
Referencing is presented in 2 ways:
 Citations in Text ( In-text Citation ) - referencing a

work in body of the text

 Reference List / Bibliography - presenting

references at the end of research / paper / thesis

You have to reference your sources properly in both

places, ie in paper (In-text) and in detail at the end
of your work (Reference List/ Bibliography)
Presentation of References
 Citation Styles vary. It depends on what style is
expected of you by the University/ Institution
 Examples of Citation Styles:
Chicago Style
Harvard Style
Association of Psychological Association
(APA)
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Vancouver Style
Reference List / Bibliography

 Bibliographic references necessary to identify and

retrieve the publications must be fully listed at the
end of your text
 References cited in the text (In-text citations) must
be listed with full details in the Reference List/
Bibliography
How to Provide Correct References
For all materials you have consulted, whether a book, journal article,
conference paper, etc, you must record the details of each source so
that if you have to refer to it again, you can easily trace it.

Details of a Book
Refer to the title page of a book to get the information
You must record the:
 Author/Editor
 Title
 Edition
 Date
 Publisher
 Place of Publication
Details of a Book
 Authors/Editors
* Write the surname first, then followed by the
initials of the forenames
* If it is an edited book, use “ed.” after the name
 Title
* Use the title and subtitle as found in the title
page
* Use italics
 Edition
* Indicate only if it is not the first edition
 Details of a Book
 Publisher
 Place of publication
 Date

It is important to indicate this information which can be

found in the title page or at the verso of the title page
Details of a Journal Article
 Authors
* Write the surname first, then followed by the
initials of the forenames
 Title of Article
* Use the title and subtitle as found at the beginning of
an article
 Title of the Journal
* Use title as given in the front of the journal
* Do not abbreviate title
* Use italics
Details of a Journal Article
 Volume/ Issue No.
* Both the vol./issue no. which can be obtained must be
recorded
 Date
* If possible record the month and year when the journal
was published
 Pages
* Must indicate the pages where the article can be found
in the journal issue
Individual Types of Materials

 Conference Papers
 Thesis/Dissertations
 Newspaper Articles
 Maps
 Interviews
 Audio-visual Materials
 Electronic Materials
How to Put a Citation Together
• A citation / reference is created by putting together all
the details required to find a particular piece of
information

• Different details are required for different formats of

information

• Order of the details and punctuation vary depending

on styles
Basic Rules of a Particular Style

 It is important to understand the basic rules

involved in any particular style before you
start to do referencing
 Basic Chicago Style Rules
Rules for Authors
• Record surname if author has a surname. This is followed by a comma and first name of
author
Eg.: Tan, Beng Choo
Smith, John

• For authors without surnames, cite as they are known

Eg.: Osman Bakar
Karpal Singh

• If there are 2 or more authors, enter name of subsequent authors with first name and
then surname. Use “and” before the name of the last author
Eg. : Sawyer, Charles, Paul McCarthy, and George F. Parkin
Rule for Date
Put year of publication after author’s name
Basic Chicago Style Rules
Rules for Title

• Capitalise all words except prepositions, conjunctions and artiles (a, an

the) in the title.
Example:
Discovering Computers : Concepts for a Connected World

Journal of Environmental Science and Health

• Journal and book titles must be in italics

Basic Chicago Style Rules
Punctuation
It is IMPORTANT to use appropriate punctuation as given in examples.
How to Cite a Book
Details Required to Cite a Book
• Name of author(s) or editor(s) of book
• Title of book
• Edition (if applicable)
• Place of publication
• Publisher’s name
• Year of publication

Standard format for citation

Author. Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication:
Publisher.

USE INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM TITLE PAGE OF

BOOK
Citation of a Book
Author Publication year Title of book

Grant, Richard M. 2002. Contemporary

Strategy Analysis : Concepts, Techniques,
Applications . 4th ed. Malden, MA:
Blackwell Publisher.

Publisher Edition Place of

publication
 Citation of Book with
More than One Author
Authors Title of book Publication year

Wood, Frank and Alan Sangster. 2001.

Frank Wood’s A-level Accounting. 3rd ed.
London: Prentice-Hall.

Place of Publication Publisher Edition

Citation of an Edited Book
Editor’s name Pub. Date Title of book

Walker, Anthony, Jr., ed. 2001. Thesaurus

of Psychological Index Terms. 9th
ed. Washington, DC: American Edition
Psychological Association.

Place of publication Publisher

Citation of Book without Author
Title of book

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary.

1993. 10th ed. Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster. Place of publication

Pub. Date Edition

Publisher
Citation of a Chapter in a Book
Details required to cite a chapter in a book:
• Name of author(s) of chapter
• Title of chapter
• Name of editor(s) of book
• Title of book
• Edition (if applicable)
• Publisher’s name
• Place of publication
• Year of publication
• Page numbers

Standard format for citation

Author. Year. Title of chapter. In Title of book , Edition, ed.
Editor’s name, inclusive pages. Place of publication: Publisher.
 Citation of a Chapter in a Book
Author of chapter Title of chapter Editors

Year of publication

Slater, Ray. 1999. General Electric: The Jack

Welch Era, 1981 – 1998. In Cases in
Contemporary
Strategy Analysis, ed. Richard M. Grant and
Keith E. Neupert, 56-78. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Pages Place
Title of book Publisher
How to Cite a
Journal Article
Details Required to Cite a Journal Article
• Name of author(s) of article
• Title of journal article
• Title of journal
• Volume number
• Issue number
• Year of publication
• Page numbers

Standard format for citation

Author. Year. Title of article. Title of Journal volume number
(issue number) : inclusive pages.
Citation of a Journal Article
Author of article Year of publication Title of article

Pascale, Robert T. 1984. Perspective on

Strategy: The Real Story Behind
Honda’s Success. California
Management Review 26 (3): 47-72.

Journal title Vol./Iss. no. Pages

 Citation for Non-Book Format
 Standard Format For Citation

Performer or Composer. Title: Subtitle. Year. format.

Special credits. Place of recording: Publisher, Date of
recording.
Television Program

 What are we going to do with money? 1997.

television program. Sydney: SBS Television, 8
August.

NOTE: Format normally follows date of recording

 Video Recording

 Grumpy meets the orchestra. 1992.

video recording. Featuring the
Sydney symphony Orchestra.
Sydney: Australian Broadcasting
Corporation.
 Radio Programme

The search for meaning. 1998. radio program.

Sydney: ABC Radio, 24 March.
Motion Picture

 Sunday Too Far Away. 1975. motion picture.

Distributed by Rainbow Products Ltd,
Sydney, and starring Jack Thompson, Reg
Lye and Max Cullen. Adelaide: South
Australian Film Corporation.
Details Required to Cite an
Electronic Document
• Name of author(s) if given
• Year or date of publication
• Title of document
• Title of website
• Pages, sections or paragraphs (if given)
• Website address
• Date site accessed
 Citation of Documents from WWW

Books, government documents annual reports, etc. are

examples of documents published on the web. Cite
documents published on the web according to specific
guidelines for that type of document

Standard format for citation

Author.Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Source or
supplier information. Web address. ( accessed date).
 Electronic Document with
No Author
If there is no author or editor and the document is not
a part, article or chapter, the citation is by TITLE
and the format will precede the year

How to Cite References.1996. Murdoch: Murdoch University

Library. http:
//wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/libinfo/gdes/refdes/cite/cite.htm
l. (accessed June 6, 2004)
E-Books
 Format:
Author. Title of e-book. Place of Publication:
Publisher, date of original publication. Source.

Eg.
Eckes, Thomas. 2000. The Developmental Social
Psychology of Gender. Mahwah NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum. NetLibrary e-book.
 Citation of Journal Article from
Full-text Databases

EXAMPLE :

Ekholm, Paul & Ken Krogerus. 1998. Bioavailability of

Phosphorus in Purified Municipal Wastewaters. Water
Research, 32 (2), 343 – 351. ProQuest.
http://www.umi.com/proquest/ (accessed June 28, 2004)
 Citation of Journal Article from WWW

Journal articles from the web are often available free

of charge. Some publishers offer current issues for
free and earlier issues for a fee.

Standard format for citation

Author.Year. Title of article. Title of Journal.
Volume number (issue number): inclusive page
or paragraph numbers. Web address. (accessed
date).
 Citation of Journal Article from WWW

EXAMPLE:

Bauer, Frank. 1997. Selenium and Soils in

Western United States. The Electronic
Green Journal, 7, 10-15.
http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm. (accessed
July 3, 2003).
 Electronic Mail List

 Example:

Johnson, David. 2003. Suited for Success, email to

National Journalists Association mailing list, April
18, 2003. http://www.nja.net.au/listserv/ (accessed
May 28, 2004)

Note: Do not use italics or capitalise the title of

unpublished document.
Reference List
 The reference list is placed at the end of your
written work
 It provides the details to enable a reader to trace
and retrieve each source
 References cited in the text must appear in the
reference list
 The reference list must be double-spaced and
entries should have a hanging indentation
(indented 5 spaces)
How to List references & Present the
Reference List/Bibliography

 References are listed in alphabetical order by

author

 When name of author cannot be determined, list

by title in alphabetical order
Reference List
1. Grant, Richard M. 2002. Contemporary Strategy Analysis:
Concepts, Techniques, Applications, 4th ed. Malden,
Mass.: Blackwell Publisher.

2. Pascale, Robert T. 1984. Perspective on Strategy: The Real Story

Behind Honda’s Success. California Management Review
26(3): 47-72.

3. Slater, Ray 1999. General Electric: The Jack Welch Era,

1981 – 1998. In Cases in Contemporary Strategy Analysis, ed.
Richard M. Grant and Keith E. Neupert, 56-78. Oxford:
Blackwell.
 Guide to Chicago Style

Murdoch University Library :

 http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/ -