2 Unbalanced Faults

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GRID
Technical Institute
Analysis of Unbalanced Faults
> Analysis of Unbalanced Fults 2
Fault Types
Line - Ground (65 - 70%)

Line - Line - Ground (10 - 20%)

Line - Line (10 - 15%)

Line - Line - Line (5%)

Statistics published in 1967 CEGB Report, but are similar today
all over the world.
Fault Incidence
85% of faults are overhead line faults.

50% of these due to lightning strikes.
Unbalanced Faults (1)
In three phase fault calculations, a single phase
representation is adopted
3 phase faults are rare
Majority of faults are unbalanced faults
UNBALANCED FAULTS may be classified into
SHUNT FAULTS and SERIES FAULTS
SHUNT FAULTS
Line to Ground
Line to Line
Line to Line to Ground
SERIES FAULTS
Single Phase Open Circuit
Double Phase Open Circuit
LINE TO GROUND
LINE TO LINE
LINE TO LINE TO GROUND

Causes :

1) Insulation Breakdown
2) Lightning Discharges and other Overvoltages
3) Mechanical Damage
OPEN CIRCUIT OR SERIES FAULTS

Causes :

1) Broken Conductor
2) Operation of Fuses
3) Maloperation of Single Phase Circuit Breakers

DURING UNBALANCED FAULTS, SYMMETRY OF SYSTEM
IS LOST

SINGLE PHASE REPRESENTATION IS NO LONGER VALID
Analysed using :-

Symmetrical Components
Equivalent Sequence Networks of Power System
Connection of Sequence Networks appropriate to Type
of Fault
Fortescue discovered a property of unbalanced phasors

n phasors may be resolved into :-
(n-1) sets of balanced n-phase systems of phasors, each set
having a different phase sequence
plus
1 set of zero phase sequence or unidirectional phasors

V
A
= V
A1
+ V
A2
+ V
A3
+ V
A4
- - - - - V
A(n-1)
+ V
An

V
B
= V
B1
+ V
B2
+ V
B3
+ V
B4
- - - - - V
B(n-1)
+ V
Bn

V
C
= V
C1
+ V
C2
+ V
C3
+ V
C4
- - - - - V
C(n-1)
+ V
Cn

V
D
= V
D1
+ V
D2
+ V
D3
+ V
D4
- - - - - V
D(n-1)
+ V
Dn

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
V
n
= V
n1
+ V
n2
+ V
n3
+ V
n4
- - - - - V
n(n-1)
+ V
nn

(n-1) x Balanced 1 x Zero
Sequence
Unbalanced 5-Phase System of Voltages (1)
This can be resolved into :-

First Set of Balanced Second Set of
Phasors Balanced Phasors
V
A1

2

V
E1

V
D1

V
C1

V
B1

V
A2

V
C2

V
E2

V
B2

V
D2

Third Set of Balanced Fourth Set of
4
3
V
A4

V
B4

V
C4
V
D4

V
E4

V
A3

V
D
3

V
B3

V
E3

V
C3

Fifth Set of Zero
Sequence Phasors
V
A5

V
B5

V
D5

V
E5

V
C5

This can be resolved into :-

First Set of Balanced Second Set of
V
A1
V
C1
120
V
B1
V
A2
V
B2
V
C2
240
Third Set of Zero
Sequence Phasors
V
A3

V
B3

V
C3

Unbalanced 3-Phase System (1)
V
A
= V
A1
+ V
A2
+ V
A0

V
B
= V
B1
+ V
B2
+ V
B0
V
C
= V
C1
+ V
C2
+ V
C0

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence
V
A1
V
C1
120
V
B1
V
A2
V
B2
V
C2
240
Unbalanced 3-Phase System (2)
Zero Sequence
V
A0

V
B0

V
C0

Phase Positive + Negative + Zero
V
A
V
A1
+

V
A2
+ V
A0
V
B
V
B1
+

V
B2
+ V
B0
V
C
V
C1
+

V
C2
+ V
C0

V
A

V
B

V
C

+
+
V
B1

V
C1

V
A1

V
B2

V
C2

V
C0
V
B0
V
A0

V
A2

V
B1
=

a
2
V
A1
V
B2
=

a V
A2
V
B0
=

V
A0
V
C1
=

a V
A1
V
C2
=

a
2
V
A2
V
C0
=

V
A0
=
=
=
Converting from Sequence Components
to Phase Values
V
A
= V
A1
+ V
A2
+ V
A0
V
B
= V
B1
+ V
B2
+ V
B0
= a
2
V
A1
+ a V
A2
+ V
A0
V
C
= V
C1
+ V
C2
+ V
C0
= a V
A1
+ a
2
V
A2
+ V
A0

V
A0

V
C1

V
C

V
A2

V
A1

V
A

V
C0

V
C2

V
B2

V
B0

V
B1

V
B

Converting from Phase Values
to Sequence Components
V
A1
= 1/3 {V
A
+ a V
B
+ a
2
V
C
}
V
A2
= 1/3 {V
A
+ a
2
V
B
+ a V
C
}
V
A0
= 1/3 {V
A
+ V
B
+ V
C
}

V
C

3V
A0

V
B

V
A0

V
A

Add V
A
, V
B
, V
C
vectorially
V
A
= V
A1
+ V
A2
+ V
A0

V
B
= a
2
V
A1
+ a V
A2
+ V
A0
V
C
= a V
A1
+ a
2
V
A2
+ V
A0

V
A
+ V
B
+ V
C
= 0 + 0 + 3V
A0

V
A0
= 1/3 (V
A
+ V
B
+ V
C
)

Add V
A
, aV
B
and a
2
V
C
vectorially
V
A
= V
A1
+ V
A2
+ V
A0

a V
B
= V
A1
+ a
2
V
A2
+ a V
A0
a
2
V
C
= V
A1
+ a V
A2
+ a
2
V
A0

V
A
+ aV
B
+ a
2
V
C
= 3V
A1
+ 0 + 0

V
A1
= 1/3 (V
A
+ a V
B
+ a
2
V
C
)

Add V
A
, a
2
V
B
and aV
C
vectorially

V
A
= V
A1
+ V
A2
+ V
A0

a
2
V
B
= a V
A1
+ V
A2
+ a
2
V
A0
a V
C
= a
2
V
A1
+ V
A2
+ a V
A0

V
A
+ a
2
V
B
+ V
C
= 0 + 3V
A2
+ 0

V
A2
= 1/3 (V
A
+ a
2
V
B
+ aV
C
)
V
A
= V
A1
+ V
A2
+ V
A0
V
B
= a
2
V
A1
+ a V
A2
+ V
A0
V
C
= a V
A1
+ a
2
V
A2
+ V
A0

I
A
= I
A1
+ I
A2
+ I
A0
I
B
= a
2
I
A1
+ a I
A2

+ I
A0
I
C
= a I
A1
+ a
2
I
A2
+ I
A0

V
A1
= 1/3 {V
A
+ a V
B
+ a
2
V
C
}
V
A2
= 1/3 {V
A
+ a
2
V
B
+ a V
C
}
V
A0
= 1/3 {V
A
+ V
B
+ V
C
}

I
A1
= 1/3 { I
A
+ a I
B
+ a
2
I
C
}
I
A2
= 1/3 { I
A
+ a
2
I
B
+

a I
C
}
I
A0
+ 1/3 { I
A
+ I
B
+ I
C
}
Residual Current
Used to detect earth faults

* I
RESIDUAL
is zero for :- * I
RESIDUAL
is present for :-

Balanced Load /E Faults
3 Faults //E Faults
/ Faults
I
A

I
RESIDUAL
= I
A
+

I
B
+
I
C
= 3I
0

I
B

I
C

E/F
Residual Voltage
Used to detect earth faults

Residual voltage is measured from
Open Delta or Broken Delta VT
secondary windings.
V
RESIDUAL
is zero for:-
Healthy unfaulted systems
3C Faults
C/C Faults
V
RESIDUAL
is present for:-
C/E Faults
C/C/E Faults
Open Circuits (on supply
side of VT with earthed source)
V
RESIDUAL

= V
A
+

V
B
+V
C
= 3V
0

Example
Evaluate the positive, negative and zero sequence components
for the unbalanced phase vectors :

V
A
= 1Z0
V
B
= 1.5 Z-90
V
C
= 0.5 Z120

V
C

V
A

V
B

Solution
V
A1
= 1/3 (V
A
+ aV
B
+ a
2
V
C
)
= 1/3 | 1 + (1 Z120) (1.5 Z-90)
+ (1 Z240) (0.5 Z120) |
= 0.965 Z15

V
A2
= 1/3 (V
A
+ a
2
V
B
+ aV
C
)
= 1/3 | 1 + (1 Z240) (1.5 Z-90)
+ (1 Z120) (0.5 Z120) |
= 0.211 Z150

V
A0
= 1/3 (V
A
+ V
B
+ V
C
)
= 1/3 (1 + 1.5 Z-90 + 0.5 Z120)
= 0.434 Z-55

Positive Sequence Voltages
V
C1
= aV
A1

15
V
A1
=
0.965Z15
V
B1
=
a
2
V
A1

Zero Sequence
Voltages
Negative Sequence
Voltages
V
A0
= 0.434Z-
55
V
B0
= -
V
C0
= -

-55
V
C2
= a
2
V
A2

150
V
B2
= a V
A2

V
A2
=
0.211Z150
V
C1

V
A1

V
B1

V
C2

V
A2

V
B2

V
C0

V
A0

V
B0

V
A2

V
C2

V
B2

V
C

V
A

V
0

V
B

Example (1)
Evaluate the phase quantities I
A
, I
B
and I
C
from the
sequence components
I
A1
= 0.6 Z0
I
A2
= -0.4 Z0
I
A0
= -0.2 Z0

Solution
I
A
= I
A1
+ I
A2
+ I
A0
= 0
I
B
= a
2
I
A1
+ aI
A1
+ I
A0

= 0.6Z240 - 0.4Z120 - 0.2Z0 = 0.91Z-109
I
C
= aI
A1
+ a
2
I
A2
+ I
A0

= 0.6Z120 - 0.4Z240 - 0.2Z0 = 0.91Z+109
Example (2)
I
C

I
B

109
109
POSITIVE
I
A1
NEGATIVE
I
B1
I
C1
I
A2
I
B2
I
C2
I
C1
I
B1
I
A1
I
A2
I
B2
I
C2
PHASE
ZERO
I
A0

I
B0

I
C0

I
B

I
C

I
C

I
B

I
A0

I
B0

I
C0

Sequence Components (1)
Any 3 phase system of vectors may be represented as the sum of
3 sets of symmetrical vectors :-
3 PHASE
VECTORS
EQUIVALENT SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
POSITIVE PHASE
SEQUENCE (PPS)
ZERO PHASE
SEQUENCE
I
2

BALANCED LOAD
OR 3-PHASE FAULT
/I
A
/ = /I
B
/ = /I
C
/ = I
F

I
0
= 0
I
2
= 0
I
1
= I
F

NEGATIVE PHASE
SEQUENCE (NPS)
I
1

I
A

I
C

I
B

I
0

I
A1

I
C1
I
B1

PHASE-PHASE
FAULT /I
A
/=/I
B
/ = I
F

I
A

I
B

I
0
= 0
I
A1

I
C1

I
B1

I
A2

I
C2

I
B2

I
1
= I
F

\3
I
2
= I
F

\3
PHASE-EARTH
FAULTS
/I
A
/ OR /I
C
/ = I
F

I
A

I
C

I
B2

I
C2
I
A2

I
A0
I
C0
I
B0

I
A1

I
C1

I
B1

I
A2

I
B2

I
C2

I
A1

I
C1

I
B1

I
1
= I
F

3
I
2
= I
F

3
I
0
= I
F

3
I
A0

I
C0

I
B0

Sequence Networks
It can be shown that providing the system impedances are
balanced from the points of generation right up to the fault, each
sequence current causes voltage drop of its own sequence only.

Regard each sequence current flowing within its own network
thro impedances of its own sequence only, with no
interconnection between the sequence networks right up to the
point of fault.
Unbalanced Voltages and Currents acting on
Balanced Impedances
Z
S

I
A

V
A

Z
M

Z
M

Z
S

I
B

V
B

Z
M

Z
S

I
C

V
C

V
A
= I
A
Z
S
+

I
B
Z
M
+

I
C
Z
M
V
B
= I
A
Z
M
+

I
B
Z
S
+

I
C
Z
M
V
C
= I
A
Z
M
+

I
B
Z
M
+

I
C
Z
S
In matrix form

V
A
Z
S
Z
M
Z
M
I
A
V
B
= Z
M
Z
S
Z
M
I
B
V
C
Z
M
Z
M
Z
S
I
C
Resolve V & I phasors into symmetrical components

1 1 1 V
0
Z
S
Z
M
Z
M
1 1 1 I
0
1 a
2
a V
1
= Z
M
Z
S
Z
M
1 a
2
a

I
1
1 a a
2
V
2
Z
M
Z
M
Z
S
1 a a
2
I
2

Multiply by [A]
-1

V
0
1 1 1 Z
S
Z
M
Z
M
1 1 1 I
0
V
1
=

1 a
2
a Z
M
Z
S
Z
M
1 a
2
a I
1
V
2
1 a a
2
Z
M
Z
M
Z
S
1 a a
2
I
2

V
0
1 1 1 Z
S
Z
M
Z
M
1 1 1 I
0
V
1
= 1/3

1 a a
2
Z
M
Z
S
Z
M
1 a
2
a I
1
V
2
1 a
2
a Z
M
Z
M
Z
S
1 a a
2
I
2

V
0
Z
S
+ 2Z
M
Z
S
+ 2Z
M
Z
S
+

2Z
M

V
1
= 1/3

Z
S
- Z
M
Z
M
+ a Z
S
+ a
2
Z
M
Z
M
+ aZ
M
+ a
2
Z
S
V
2
Z
S
- Z
M
Z
M
+ a
2
Z
S
+ a Z
M
Z
M
+ a
2
Z
M
+ a Z
S

1 1 1 I
0
1 a
2
a I
1
1 a a
2
I
2

-1
V
0
Z
S
+ 2Z
M
0 0 I
0

V
1
=

0

Z
S
- Z
M
0 I
1
V
2
0 0

Z
S
- Z
M
I
2

V
0
Z
0
0 0 I
0

V
1
=

0

Z
1
0 I
1
V
2
0 0

Z
2
I
2

The symmetrical component impedance matrix is a
diagonal matrix if system is symmetrical.
The sequence networks are independent of each other.
The three isolated sequence networks are
interconnected when an unbalance such as a fault or
unbalanced loading is introduced.
Phase Sequence Equivalent Circuits (1)
Positive Sequence Impedance
E
Q P
a
2
E
aE
Z
1
= E/I
Q
1
P
1
I
a
2
I
aI
Negative Sequence Impedance
For static non-rotating plant :- Z
2
= Z
1

E
Q P
a
2
E
aE
Z
2
= E/I
Q
2
P
2

I
a
2
I
aI
Zero Sequence Impedance
I
I
I 3I
E
Q P
Z
0
= E/I
P
0
Q
0
Sequence Networks
+ve, -ve and zero sequence networks are drawn for a
reference phase. This is usually taken as the A phase.

Faults are selected to be balanced relative to the reference
A phase.
e.g. For /E faults consider an A-E fault
For / faults consider a B-C fault

Sequence network interconnection is the simplest for the
reference phase.
Positive Sequence Diagram
1. Start with neutral point N
1

- All generator and load neutrals are connected to N
1
2. Include all source EMFs
- Phase-neutral voltage
3. Impedance network
- Positive sequence impedance per phase
4. Diagram finishes at fault point F
1

Z
1

N
1

E
1

F
1

Example
V
1
= Positive sequence /N voltage at fault point
I
1
= Positive sequence phase current flowing into F
1

V
1
= E
1
- I
1
(Z
G1
+ Z
T1
+ Z
L1
)
E
1

F
1

I
1

Z
L1
Z
G1
Z
T1

N
1

(N
1
)
V
1

Line
F
N
E
R
Generator Transformer
Negative Sequence Diagram
1. Start with neutral point N
2

- All generator and load neutrals are connected to N
2
2. No EMFs included
- No negative sequence voltage is generated!
3. Impedance network
- Negative sequence impedance per phase
4. Diagram finishes at fault point F
2

Z
2

N
2
F
2

Example
V
2
= Negative sequence /N voltage at fault point
I
2
= Negative sequence phase current flowing into F
2
V
2
= -I
2
(Z
G2
+ Z
T2
+ Z
L2
)
F
2

I
2

Z
L2
Z
G2
Z
T2

N
2

(N
2
)
V
2

Line
F
N
E
R
System Single Line
Diagram
Negative Sequence Diagram
Zero Sequence Diagram (1)
For In Phase (Zero Phase Sequence) currents to flow in each
phase of the system, there must be a fourth connection (this is
typically the neutral or earth connection).
I
A0
+

I
B0
+

I
C0
=

3I
A0

I
A0

N
I
B0

I
C0

Zero Sequence Diagram (2)
Resistance Earthed System :-
3I
A0

N
E
R
Zero sequence voltage between N & E given by
V
0
= -3I
A0
. R
Zero sequence impedance of neutral to earth path
Z
0
= V
0
= 3R
-I
A0
Transformer Zero Sequence Impedance
Q
P
Z
T0

a a
Q
P
b b
N
0

General Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit
for Two Winding Transformer
Secondary
Terminal 'a'
'a'
Primary
Terminal
'b' 'b'
N
0
Z
T0
On appropriate side of transformer :

Earthed Star Winding - Close link a
Open link b

Delta Winding - Open link a
Close link b

Unearthed Star Winding - Both links open
Zero Sequence Equivalent
Dy Tx (1)
3I
0

No zero sequence
in line connection
on A side
I
0

I
0

I
0

Zero Sequence Equivalent
Dy Transformer (2)
side
terminal
A side
terminal
Z
T0

N
0
(E
0
)
I
0

Thus, equivalent single phase zero sequence diagram :-
Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuits (1)
S
0

Z
T0

N
0

P
0

P S
a
a
b b
S
0

Z
T0

N
0

P
0

P S
a
a
b b
S
0

Z
T0

N
0

P
0

P S
a
a
b b
S
0

Z
T0

N
0

P
0

P S
a
a
b b
Zero Sequence Diagram
V
0
= Zero sequence PH-E voltage at fault point
I
0
= Zero sequence current flowing into F
0

V
0
= -I
0
(Z
T0
+ Z
L0
+ 3R
T
)
F
0

I
0

Z
L0
Z
G0
Z
T0

N
0

N
0

V
0

Line
F
N
E
R
System Single Line
Diagram
Zero Sequence Network
3R
E
0

3R
T

R
T

Zig-Zag Earthing Transformers (1)
Positive (and negative) sequence impedance is very high.
Equivalent Circuit :

P
N
E
R
P
1

N
1

Zig-Zag Earthing Transformers (2)
Zero sequence impedance is very low.
Equivalent Circuit

P
0

Z
T0

3R
N
0
(E
0
)
Summary of Sequence Diagrams (1)
System Single Line Diagram
R
E
N
GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
LINE
F
Positive Sequence
(N
1
)
V
1

F
1

Z
L1
Z
T1
Z
G1

E
1

N
1

I
1

Negative Sequence
(N
2
)
V
2

F
2

Z
L2
Z
T2
Z
G2

N
2

I
2

Zero Sequence
E
0
(N
0
)
V
0

F
0

Z
L0
Z
T0
Z
G0

3R
N
0

I
0

Interconnection of Sequence Networks
Consider sequence networks as blocks with fault terminals F & N for
external connections.

F
1

POSITIVE
SEQUENCE
NETWORK
N
1

F
2

NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE
NETWORK
N
2

F
0

ZERO
SEQUENCE
NETWORK
N
0

I
2

V
2

I
0

V
0

I
1

V
1

Interconnection of Sequence Networks
For any given fault there are 6 quantities to be considered at the fault point
i.e. V
A
V
B
V
C
I
A
I
B
I
C
Relationships between these for any type of fault can be converted into an
equivalent relationship between sequence components
V
1
, V
2
, V
0
and I
1
,

I
2
,

I
0
This is possible if :-
1) Any 3 phase quantities are known (provided they are not all
voltages or all currents)
or 2) 2 are known and 2 others are known to have a specific
relationship.
From the relationship between sequence Vs and Is, the manner in
which the isolation sequence networks are connected can be determined.
The connection of the sequence networks provides a single phase
representation (in sequence terms) of the fault.
To derive the system constraints at the fault terminals :-

I
A

V
A

I
B
I
C

V
B

V
C

F
Terminals are connected to represent the fault.

A
B
C
I
A
V
A
I
B
I
C
V
B
V
C
Phase to Earth Fault on Phase A
At fault point :-

V
A
= 0

V
B
= ?

V
C
= ?

I
A
= ?
I
B
= 0
I
C
= 0

A
B
C
Phase to Earth Fault on Phase A
At fault point
V
A
= 0

;

I
B
= 0 ; I
C
= 0
but V
A
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
0

V
1
+ V
2
+ V
0
= 0

------------------------- (1)
I
0
= 1/3 (I
A
+

I
B
+ I
C
) = 1/3 I
A
I
1
= 1/3 (I
A
+

aI
B
+

a
2
I
C
) = 1/3 I
A
I
2
= 1/3 (I
A
+

a
2
I
B
+

aI
C
) = 1/3 I
A
I
1
= I
2
=

I
0
= 1/3 I
A
------------------------- (2)
To comply with (1) & (2) the sequence networks must be connected in series :-

I
1

F
1

N
1

V
1

+ve
Seq
N/W
I
2

F
2

N
2

V
2

-ve
Seq
N/W
I
0

F
0

N
0

V
0

Zero
Seq
N/W
Example : Phase to Earth Fault
SOURCE
LINE F
132 kV
2000 MVA
Z
S1
= 8.7O
Z
S0
= 8.7O
A - G
FAULT
Z
L1
= 10O
Z
L0
= 35O
Total impedance = 81.1O

I
1
= I
2
= I
0
= 132000 = 940 Amps
\3 x 81.1

I
F
= I
A
= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
0

= 3I
0

= 2820 Amps
I
F

8.7 10
I
1

F
1

N
1

8.7 10
I
2

F
2

N
2

8.7 35
I
0

F
0

N
0

I
A
V
A
I
B
I
C
V
B
V
C
Earth Fault with Fault Resistance
At fault point :-

V
A
= I
A
Z
F

V
B
= ?

V
C
= ?

I
A
= ?

I
B
= 0

I
C
= 0

Z
F

Earth Fault with Fault Resistance
At fault point
V
A
= I
A
Z
F
; I
B
= 0 ; I
C
= 0

I
0
= 1/3 (I
A
+ I
B
+ I
C
)
=
1/3 I
A
I
1
= 1/3 (I
A
+

aI
B
+

a
2
I
C
) = 1/3 I
A
I
2
= 1/3 (I
A
+

a
2
I
B
+

aI
C
) = 1/3 I
A

I
1
= I
2
=

I
0
------------------------- (1)
Since V
A
= I
A
Z
F
:-
V
1
+ V
2
+ V
0
= (I
1
+ I
2
+ I
0
)

Z
F
= 3I
0
Z
F
V
1
+ V
2
+ V
0
= 3I
0
Z
F

------------ (2)

F
1

POSITIVE
SEQUENCE
NETWORK
N
1

F
2

NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE
NETWORK
N
2

F
0

ZERO
SEQUENCE
NETWORK
N
0

I
2

V
2

I
0

V
0

I
1

V
1

3Z
F

I
A
V
A
I
B
I
C
V
B
V
C
Phase to Phase Fault :- B-C Phase
At fault point :-

V
A
= ?

V
B
= V
C

I
A
= 0

I
B
+ I
C
= 0

Phase to Phase Fault :- B-C Phase
At fault point
V
B
= V
C
;

I
A
= 0

;

I
B
+ I
C
= 0
I
0
= 1/3 (I
A
+

I
B
+ I
C
) = 0
I
0
= 0

---- (1)
I
1
= 1/3 (I
A
+

aI
B
+ a
2
I
C
) = 1/3 (a

- a
2

)I
B
I
2
= 1/3 (I
A
+

a
2
I
B
+

aI
C
) = -1/3 (a

- a
2

)I
B
I
1
+

I
2
= 0

------- (2)

V
1
= 1/3 (V
A
+ aV
B
+ a
2
V
C
) = 1/3 (V
A
- V
B
)

V
2
= 1/3 (V
A
+ a
2
V
B
+ aV
C
) = 1/3 (V
A
- V
B
)

V
1
= V
2
------------------------ (3)

From equations (1), (2) and (3) the positive and negative sequence networks are
connected in parallel and the zero sequence network is unconnected.
I
1

F
1

N
1

V
1

+ve
Seq
N/W
I
2

F
2

N
2

V
2

-ve
Seq
N/W
I
0

F
0

N
0

V
0

Zero
Seq
N/W
Phase to Phase Fault Current Level

For a / Fault ,assuming Z
1
= Z
2
:-

I
1
= -I
2
= E
2Z
1
I
A
= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
0
= 0
I
B
= a
2
I
1
+ aI
2
+ I
0
= (a
2

- a)I
1
= -j\3 . E
2 Z
1
I
C
= aI
1
+ a
2
I
2
+ I
0
= (a

- a
2
)I
1
= j\3 . E
2 Z
1
I
F(/)
= 0.866 I
F(3)
E
I
1
I
2
Z
1

Z
2

A
B
C
I
B
I
C
E
C
E
B
E
A
Example : Phase to Phase Fault
SOURCE
LINE F
132 kV
2000 MVA
Z
S1
= Z
S2
= 8.7O
B - C
FAULT
Z
L1
= Z
L2
= 10O
8.7 10
8.7
10
I
1

I
2

F
1

N
1

F
2

N
2

132000
\3
Total impedance = 37.4O I
B
= a
2
I
1
+ aI
2
I
1
= 132000 = 2037 Amps = a
2
I
1
- aI
1

\3 x 37.4 = (a
2

- a) I
1
I
2
= -2037 Amps = (-j) . \3 x 2037
= 3529 Amps
I
A

V
A

I
B
I
C

V
B
V
C

Phase to Phase Fault with Resistance
At fault point :-

V
A
= ?

V
B
- V
C
=
I
B
Z
F

I
A
= 0

I
B
+ I
C
= 0

Z
F

Phase to Phase Fault with Resistance
At fault point
I
A
= 0

;

I
B
+ I
C
= 0 ; V
B
- V
C
= I
B
Z
F

I
0
= 1/3 (I
A
+

I
B
+ I
C
) = 0
I
1
= 1/3 (I
A
+

aI
B
+

a
2
I
C
) = 1/3 (a

- a
2

) I
B
I
2
= 1/3 (I
A
+

a
2
I
B
+

aI
C
) = - 1/3 (a

- a
2

) I
B

I
0
= 0

----------- (1)
I
1
+ I
2
= 0
I
B
= a
2
I
1
+

aI
2
+ I
0
= (a
2
- a) I
1

V
B
- V
C
= (a
2
V
1
+ aV
2
+ V
0
) - (aV
1
+ a
2
V
2
+ V
0
)

= (a
2

-

a) V
1
- (a
2

-

a) V
2

but V
B
- V
C
= I
B
Z
F
= (a
2

-

a) I
1
Z
F
(a
2

-

a) I
1
Z
F
= (a
2

-

a) V
1
- (a
2

-

a) V
2

V
1
- V
2
= I
1
Z
F
------------ (2)

I
1

F
1

N
1

V
1

+ve
Seq
N/W
I
2

F
2

N
2

V
2

-ve
Seq
N/W
I
0

F
0

N
0

V
0

Zero
Seq
N/W
Z
F

I
A
V
A
I
B
I
C
V
B
V
C
Phase to Phase to Earth Fault :- B-C-E
At fault point :-

V
A
= ?

V
B
= 0

V
C
= 0

I
A
= 0
I
B

= ?
I
C

= ?

Phase to Phase to Earth Fault :- B-C-E
At fault point
V
B
= 0

; V
C
= 0 ; I
A
= 0

V
1
= 1/3 (V
A
+ aV
B
+ a
2
V
C
) = 1/3 V
A
V
2
= 1/3 (V
A
+ a
2
V
B
+ aV
C
) = 1/3 V
A
V
0
= 1/3 (V
A
+ V
B
+ V
C
) = 1/3 V
A

V
1
= V
2
= V
0
= 1/3 V
A
-------------------- (1)

I
A
= I
1
+ I
2
+

I
0
= 0 ------------------------------- (2)

From equations (1) & (2) the sequence networks are connected in parallel.
I
1

F
1

N
1

V
1

+ve
Seq
N/W
I
2

F
2

N
2

V
2

-ve
Seq
N/W
I
0

F
0

N
0

V
0

Zero
Seq
N/W
I
A
V
A
I
B
I
C
V
B
V
C
Phase to Phase to Earth Fault
B-C-E with Fault Resistance
At fault point :-

V
A
= ?

V
B
= (I
B
+

I
C
) Z
F

V
C
= (I
B
+

I
C
) Z
F

I
A
= 0
I
B

= ?
I
C

= ?
I
B
+ I
C
Z
F

Phase to Phase to Earth Fault
B-C-E with Resistance
At fault point
I
A
= 0 ; V
B
= V
C
= (I
B
+ I
C
)Z
F

I
A
= I
1
+

I
2
+ I
0
= 0

--------------------- (1)
I
0
= 1/3 (I
A
+ I
B
+

I
C
) = 1/3 (I
B
+ I
C
)
I
B
+ I
C
= 3I
0
V
1
= 1/3 (V
A
+ aV
B
+ a
2
V
C
) = 1/3 [V
A
+ (a
2
+ a)V
B
] = 1/3 (V
A
- V
B
)
V
2
= 1/3 (V
A
+ a
2
V
B
+ aV
C
) = 1/3 [V
A
+ (a
2
+ a)V
B
] = 1/3 (V
A
- V
B
)
V
1
= V
2
--------------------- (2)
V
0
= 1/3 (V
A
+ V
B
+ V
C
) = 1/3 (V
A
+ 2V
B
)
V
0
- V
1
= 1/3 (V
A
+ 2V
B
) - 1/3 (V
A
- V
B
)

= V
B
= (I
B
+

I
C
)Z
F
= 3I
0
Z
F
V
1
= V
0
- I
0
(3Z
F
) --------------------- (3)

I
1

F
1

N
1

V
1

+ve
Seq
N/W
I
2

F
2

N
2

V
2

-ve
Seq
N/W
I
0

F
0

N
0

V
0

Zero
Seq
N/W
3Z
F

4-wire Representation of
/E Fault (1)
Consider an earthed source.

Total sequence impedances to fault

= Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
0
i.e. Source + line

E
A

E
B

E
C

C
B
A
Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
0
4-wire Representation of /E Fault (2)
Sequence Networks

I
1

Z
1

I
2

I
0

Z
2

Z
0

E
3
Z Z
Z
E

3
Z Z
Z
3
Z 2Z

3
Z Z Z
E
3
) Z Z (Z E
1 0
1
A
1 0
1 A
0 1
A
0 2 1
A
1 0 2 1 A
0 2 1 1
+
= I
|
.
|
\
|

+ I =
|
.
|
\
|
+
I =
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
I =
I = I + I + I = I
+ + I =
4 Wire Equivalent Circuit
E
A

E
B

E
C

Z
1

Z
1

Z
1

Z
N
= Z
0
- Z
1
3

1 0
N

N 1
A F
3
Z - Z
Z
where
Z Z
E
I I
=
+
= =
3 Versus 1 Fault Level (1)
X
g

X
T

E
X
g
X
T

E
Z
1
I
F

3
1 T g
F
Z
E

X X
E

+
=
Z
0
I
F

1
X
g1

X
T1

E
Z
2
= Z
1

Z
1
X
g2

X
T2

X
g0

X
T0

I =
+
3E

F
2Z Z
1 0
LEVEL FAULT 3 LEVEL FAULT 1
Z Z IF
Z 2Z
3E
LEVEL FAULT 1
Z 2Z
3E

3Z
3E

Z
E
LEVEL FAULT 3
1 0
0 1
1 1 1 1
C > C
<
+
= C
+
= = = C

2 Unbalanced Faults

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2 Unbalanced Faults

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