Coastal Resource Management PLANNING SEMINAR

Ruel S. Almoneda
Fisheries Resource Management Unit Office of the Provincial Agriculturist Province of Negros Occidental

Objective:
To provide the participants with CRM basic planning knowledge which may serve as guide during the formulation of their municipal/city coastal resources management plan.

Why manage coastal resources ?

u Threatened food security
u 50% of dietary protein for the nation (70% in rural areas) comes from marine products

u National economic loss

u Economic benefits from coastal resources in 1996 estimated at $3.5 billion, or 17% GDP u Economic losses from coastal resource degradation estimated at $0.5 billion per year

u Global priorities
u Marine biodiversity conservation u Global climate change

Fish stocks in the Philippines today are 10% of what they were in the 1940s
(World Fish Center, 2002)

Manila Bay

San Miguel Bay

Municipal Fisheries decline

(BFAR 1997/2000; Bernascek 1994)

Trends in fish catch based on PCRA Olango Island, Cebu

(CRMP 1998)
20
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

February 1998
Tungasan, Olango Island
Introduction of: Sodium Cyanide Dynamite Fishing

Use of fine mesh nets

Coral reef degradation

(Gomez, et al. 1994)
2.4%
Percentage of observations

22.4%
(GOOD)

(EXCELLENT) (POOR)

23.5%

(F AIR)

51.7% Coral reef condition as percentage of hard coral cover 0-24.9% Poor 25-49.9% Fair 50-74.9% Good (85 reefs sampled) 75-100% Excellent

Mangrove Destruction
(ADB 1993; WB 1989, DENR 1988)
450,000 ha in 1918
M angrove A rea (Thousands of Hect ares)

If the reduction of mangroves continue at the post-1980 rate, there will be less than 100,000 hectares left in the year 2030

288,000 ha in 1970

175,000 ha in 1980

140,000 ha in 1988 138,000 ha in 1993

an endangered environment
Destruction of fishery habitats
Overfishing Declining fish catch Degradation of watersheds/uplands Deteriorating water quality

Our Coastal Areas

Who is responsible for managing coastal resources?

Local government units: primarily responsible for managing coastal resources in municipal waters National government agencies: responsible for providing technical assistance, training, monitoring and evaluating the performance of LGUs in the delivery of basic services and the condition of coastal resources

What is Coastal Resource Management?

Coastal resource management (CRM) is the process of planning, implementing, and monitoring beneficial and sustainable uses of coastal resources through participation, collective action and sound decision-making.

Goals of CRM
Improvement of Living Condition of the People

Sustainable Development

Coastal Resource Management

Regeneration of Depleted Marine Resources and Degraded Coastal Environment

Food Security

LGU Mandate for CRM

LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE FISHERIES CODE

AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES MODERNIZATION ACT

Planning Protection Regulatory Enforcement Legislation Intergovernmental relations Relations with POs and NGOs Extension and Technical Assistance

Planning
Process of organizing ideas and resources to make things happen
What do you want to happen? How do you want it to happen?

Planning attempts to
strike a balance between needs and wants reconcile individual desires with the collective good combine social, economic, and environmental aims harmonize private and public objectives in the present time and for the future

Key partners in CRM

National Government (central, regional, and provincial offices) DENR BFAR DILG PCG PNP-Maritime DOST PN Regional Development Council

Special Role of the Province: Provide CRM as a basic service to municipalities/cities through technical assistance, training, and information management Strengthen and harmonize local policies Evaluate and validate municipal/city CRM plans and programs Serve as a broker/catalyst to link projects and programs with needs of coastal municipalities/cities and promote CRM
Municipality Mayor Vice-Mayor/SB MPDO MAO MENRO Municipal CRM office Municipal FARMC Integrated FARMC Municipal Development Council Private Sector NGOs Academe

Province Governor Vice-Governor/SP PPDO PAO PENRO-LGU Provincial CRM office Provincial Development Council

Barangay Barangay Captain Barangay Council Barangay FARMC Bantay Dagat /Deputized Fish Warden Fisherfolk Associations Peoples Organization

CRM Process
Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment (PCRA)
Habitat Assessment Resource Mapping Socio-economic Profiling

Participatory Coastal Resource Management Planning

Issue Identification Vision, Mission, Goal and Objective-Setting Indicator-Setting Identification of Appropriate Management Interventions (Programs, Strategies & Activities) Formulation of Policies Budgeting and Tasking Refinement of Implementing Structure

CRM Plan Implementation

Project Development and Proposal-Making Fund Sourcing Implementation of Management Interventions Legislation Law Enforcement

Monitoring and Evaluation

Identification of Implementation Issues Review and Modification of Management Interventions Refinement of Implementation Strategies

Public Environmental Education and Community Organizing

Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment

Coastal Zoning
A method of addressing conflicting interests among resource-users through the delineation of zones for specific uses A strategy in CRM planning which allows the different sectors who use the municipal waters to reach a consensus in the use of the area

Model Zoning Plan of Municipal Waters

Coastal Resource Management

Program Components
A. Resource management component - fisheries management, resource protection, conservation, rehabilitation, regulation and policy B. Community and economic development - alternative and supplemental livelihood development - community services and infrastructures and other economic activities

CRM Components . . . .
C. Institutional Support - conflict management mechanism - individual and organizational development - interactive learning - forums for knowledge sharing, power sharing and decision-making - institutional building and strengthening

CRM Components . . . .
D. Capability Building - people empowerment and participation, education, leadership and organization

What needs to be done to manage coastal resources?

Three critical results needed:
1. Reduce fishing pressure

2. Stop illegal and destructive fishing practices

3. Protect critical coastal habitats

To achieve these results, specific interventions must be implemented by the LGU;

Critical Result 1: Fishing effort reduced to sustainable levels.
Improve licensing, permit, fee and regulation system for all resource users (access management). Identify sustainable economic incentives that target reducing the number of municipal fishers. Monitor changes in fish catch/unit of effort to determine the sustainable level.

Critical Result 1
Regulate all fish aggregating devices,

artificial reefs and other types of fishing gear which when used improperly in municipal waters result in overexploitation of fisheries resources. Reduce population pressure in coastal areas

Critical Result 2:

Illegal and destructive fishing practices stopped

Enforce fishery laws, strengthen bantay-dagat capabilities and provide support to prosecution.
Pass local legislation prohibiting destructive fishing practices.

Critical Result 3:

Coastal habitats protected and managed

Strictly enforce laws protecting coastal habitats and encourage coastal community participation. Establish marine reserves to rehabilitate habitats and increase fisheries production.

Develop community-based forest management agreements for sustainable mangrove resource use

Critical Result 3

Revert abandoned fishponds to mangrove areas and stop illegal conversion of mangrove forests to reclamation areas and fishponds.

Monitor and regulate all shoreline development, thus minimizing environmental impacts of activities such as reclamation, tourism, port and harbor development, and pollution on coastal habitats

CRM Management Programs

Fisheries Management Habitat Management Shoreline Management Coastal Zoning Coastal Tourism Management Waste Management Enterprise and Livelihood Development Upland/Watershed Management Legal Arrangements and Institutional Development

Coastal Tourism Management

should be conceived with a framework carrying capacity cleaning controlled means of access waste disposal system facilities leave natural resource as much as possible

Shoreline Management
Techniques: > ban sand mining and coral mining > no construction > mangrove planted

Fisheries management problems and types of strategies or interventions applicable in the Philippines
Problems Excessive fishing efforts Applicable Strategy or Interventions Impose a progressive tax/license on fishing vessels Increase tax rate Impose fishers license Strengthen law enforcement Limit fishing areas

Open-access fishery

Regulate fishing Impose fishers license and permit Impose a progressive tax/license on fishing vessels Delineate protected areas Limit fishing area
Strengthen law enforcement Regulate distribution of materials used for destructive fishing methods Educate about effects of destructive fishing Establish sanctuaries/reserves

Use of destructive fishing methods and habit destruction

Fisheries management problems and types of strategies or interventions applicable in the Philippines
Problems Weak law enforcement Development activities in the coastal area Poverty Conflict among fishers Applicable Strategy or Interventions Community participation and education Training Zone coastal area/municipal waters Provide alternative or supplemental livelihood Strengthen law enforcement Delineate municipal waters Regulate use of fishing gears that occupy space (permanent or stationary) in the municipal waters Establish closed season for fishing Establish sanctuaries and reserves Disseminate information on family planning Provide alternative/supplemental livelihood

Biological and economic overfishing Overpopulation

Municipal CRM Implementing Structure

National & Provincial Government Agencies Municipal Mayor Sangguniang Bayan Fisheries & Aquatic Resource Management Council Municipal Development Council

Non-Govt. Org. Peoples Org. Private Individuals & Organizations

Municipal Treasurers Office

Municipal Engineering Office

Municipal Planning & Development Office

Municipal Agriculturists Office Coastal Resource Management Section

Municipal Social Welfare & Development Office

Municipal Assessors Office

Other Municipal Government Offices

Barangay

Barangay

Barangay

Barangay

Barangay

Barangay

Barangay

Parts of Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring - collection of information on how the program proceeds. It answers the question: What is actually happening? Evaluation - scrutinizes whether the program delivered the expected outcomes, both effects and impacts. It answers the question: Is what was expected to happen happening? Decision-making - determination of the kind and extent of changes and improvements to make in the program itself and in the implementation of the program. It answers the question: What should be happening now and in the future?

The Importance of Monitoring and Evaluation in Coastal Resource Management

Determine the degree to which planned interventions are being implemented and are working Identify areas for improvement in directions and strategies

Assess impacts of CRM plans and programs on biophysical and socioeconomic conditions in the area
Characterize the benefits from CRM accruing to coastal communities and society at large Estimate returns on investments in CRM at the local government level Build community support for CRM plans and programs

Detecting Planning and Legislation Failures

SUCCESS
Comprehensive and Strategic Plan
used to legislate

Good Ordinances

w ill lead to

Food Security and Sustainable Development

PLANNING FAILURE
Bad Plan
used to legislate

Good Ordinances

w ill not lead to

Food Security and Sustainable Development

LEGISLATION FAILURE
Comprehensive and Strategic Plan
used to legislate

Bad Ordinances

w ill not lead to

Food Security and Sustainable Development

ABSOLUTE FAILURE
Bad Plan
used to legislate

Bad Ordinances

w ill not lead to

Food Security and Sustainable Development

Threats to Local CRM

Economic development decisions are based on faulty cost-benefit analyses because coastal resources are always undervalued both economically and ecologically Inconsistency and conflicting goals and objectives between national and local plans and actions for CRM Institutional memory loss and lack of continuity of CRM programs between political terms

Forces and Trends

Issues are not going away but are better understood Evidence of over-exploitation is still growing but not all policy makers get it! Limiting access to marine resources is essential Communities, government and private sector must work together Coastal conservation is complex and requires integrated solutions Participatory assessments and municipal planning, MPAs, bantay dagat can indeed work Population growth and poverty do not make it easier

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In CRM;

We dont manage the resources, but, the man who utilizes the