Outline

• Power system protection

• Zones of protection
• Time-delay overcurrent relay
• Coordination
• Directional relays
• Reclosers and sectionalizers

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 Tasks of relay protection
• Detect fault
• Isolate fault by tripping CB
• Minimum area without power
• Suppport quick service restoration

• Reliability/dependability - not miss

• Selectivity - not overreact
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 Zones of protection
• Defined for protected objects
• Zones overlap
• CB in overlap zones
• Isolated at fault anywhere inside

G M

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 Protection types
• Overcurrent protection
– Lines
• Directional relay
– Lines, generators
• Differential protection
– Transformers
– Busbars
– Generators

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Line protection components

CT CB

CB - Circuit Breaker
PT CT - Current
Transformer
Relay PT - Potential
Transformer
Number of relays often large:
Each phase, each fault type

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 Time-delay overcurrent relay
Detect overcurrent – Wait delay time T – Trip CB

T
ime
Trip Constant delay
characteristic
T

1 Relative
overcurre
nt
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 Time-delay overcurrent relay
Detect overcurrent – Wait delay time T(I) – Trip CB

T
ime
Trip Inverse 1/t characteristic
Similar for fuses

1 Relative
overcurre
nt
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 Radial system
•ISC increases when approaching source
•R1 has higher current setting than R2

CB1 T
R1
ime
R2 Load
CB2 1

R1
R2

Relative
Load
2
overcurre
nt
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 Fault in radial system
• Both R1 and R2 detect overcurrent
• Delay of R2 Time
• R2 operates CB2 first
CB1 – Isolates fault + Load 2
R1
– R1 reset
R2 L1
CB2 • If R2 or CB2 fails R1
– R2
R1 not reset
Curren
– Extra delay of R1
t
– R1 operates CB1
– Isolates fault + Load 1 and 2
Load
2
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 Coordination
Relays 1 and 2 coordinated in example:

For the line,

• Relay 2 provides Primary protection
• Relay 1 provides Backup protection

Rule: Longer delay close to source

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 Line fed from both ends
R1 R2 R3 R4
G G

– Rule not applicable due to many sources

– Use directional relays:
• R1 and R3 only trip for fault to their right
• R2 and R4 only trip for fault to their left
– Phase of V and I gives direction

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 Impedance relay
Let relay measure V/I=Z=R+jX
Normally load makes Z > Zline
Fault on line makes Z < Zline - TRIP!
X

Trip
R
Radius=|
Zline |
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 Impedance relay types
Directional Admittance or MHO

X Zlin X
e
Trip
Trip
R R

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 Distance protection

– Series impedance ~ distance along line

– |Z|<0.8|Zline| equivalent to
• Zero Ω fault within 80% of line length
• The reach of the relay is 80%

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 Distance protection zones
– Zone 1, Primary: 80%, no delay
– Zone 2, Backup 1: 120%, delay
– Zone 3, Backup 2: 120+100% longer delay
A B C D
G G
T Zone
ime 3
Zone
2
Zone
1
Distan
ce
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Distance protection coordination
A B C D
G
T
ime

Distan
T ce
ime

Distan
ce
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 Recloser
– Fast and slow inverse characteristic
R – Fast is faster than fuses
• Saves downstream fuses
Load
• Open-reclose clears temporary faults
3 • Several attempts to reclose
– Slow is slower than fuse
Load • Burns downstream fuse if reclose fails
2
– Final reclose
• Permanent open if fault persists
Load
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 Automatic sectionalizer
– Replaces fuses
– Opens when recloser is open
R
• Need not interrupt fault current
S
• Operation not electrically powered
Load
3 – Recloses when energized
S • Upstream first
Load
• Recloser opens when fault energized
2 – Failing sectionalizer stays open
S
• Maximum area restored
Load • Radio message to repairman
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 Repairing permanent fault
– Protection has tripped CB
– Localize fault
• Relay data, visually, phone calls
– Open isolator and ground equipment
– Fault removed, line repaired
– Remove grounding and close isolator
– Line energized with CB

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