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Satellite constellation
2 orbits each consist of 6 satellites MMO Astra 2C taken as a model for the spacecraft Orbit altitude of 5000 Kilometres
Satellite constellation
A combination of 20 beams in each satellite 3dB beamwidth of 5 degrees per beam One complete orbit in 6.49 hours Each satellite covers area of approximately 15.2 Million square Km
Outline
Introduction Satellite Transponder
* HTS BPF * Antenna * LNA & HPA
Introduction
Frequencies:
Uplink Ground Station-Satellite 5500 ~ 6000 MHz Downlink Satellite- Ground Station 4000 ~ 4500 MHz
Satellite Transponder
A receiver-transmitter that will generate a reply signal upon proper electronic interrogation Total block diagram of designed satellite transponder
6 GHz 4 GHz Amp2 HPA Equaliser D/C
Frequency DMUX
BPF
Frequency MUX
6 GHz
LNA
Amp1
4GHz
HTS BPF
Antenna of Transponder
Reflector Antenna Two separated antenna Circular polarization
Antenna of Transponder
Rx Antenna (6GHz)
* Diameter 0.8m. Aperture Efficiency 0.7, radiation efficiency 0.9. Physical temperature 50 K. * Gain 33dBi, Beam Width : 3.5 degree
Tx Antenna (4GHz)
* Diameter 0.9m. Aperture Efficiency 0.7, radiation efficiency 0.9. Physical temperature 50 K. * Gain 30dBi, Beam Width : 5 degree
HTS filter
Expensive but economical because of Two important properties:
* Low Insertion Loss * Small size and weight
Low temperature in out of Mars atmospher Lead to small noise figure in receiver Insertion Loss=0.5 dB
Satellite & RF Radio
10
HPA
* 10 Watt, SSPA (Solid State Power Amplifier) * Saturated output power 13dBW=43dBm
3dB back-off
11
BPF
* Waveguide filters
Insertion loss=1dB
4 GHz Ant. Duplexer BPF LNA Amp1 D/C IF Processing Amp2 U/C
12
Rx Mode (4GHz)
* Gain 37dBi, Beam Width : 2.5 degree
Tx Mode (6GHz)
* Gain 40dBi, Beam Width : 1.8 degree
Satellite & RF Radio
13
HPA
* 100 Watt, TWTA (Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier) * Saturated output power 23dBW=53dBm
3dB back-off
* Gain 40 dB
Satellite & RF Radio
14
Down/Up Converter
* * * * * Conversion Loss of Mixer: 4dB Insertion Loss of filter: 2dB Total Loss of Converter: 6dB Noise temperature: 3000K A synthesizer with suitable frequency steps should be used as a local oscillator * DMUX and Equaliser loss: 12 dB (Physical temp. 50 K)
BPF 4000~4500 MHz Local Oscillator
Satellite & RF Radio
5500~6000 MHz
4000~4500 MHz
Receiver
Noise at receiver Antenna noise (Tant) Active device noise Thermal noise
09/08/2013
15
Link budget
Losses Atmospheric attenuation will be neglected because Mars is dominated by C O2 and N2. It is found that the attenuation values due to oxygen at Mars ar e reduced by a factor of 14,000 relative to Earth, Such a small attenuation is negligible for telecommunications. This table provide to us the Attenuation around mars for various frequency
Link budget
Since we know that the power at the receiver is defined by the following equation S (dBW) = Pt (dBW) +Gt(dB) +Gr (dB) Lp (dB) Lat (dB) We need first to determine the transmitter power Carrier to noise spectral density ratio is defined by these equations C/N0 (dBHz) = Eb/N0+ 10log10(B) (2) = Pt +Gt Lt + 10log10(Gr/Ts) 10log10(k) (3) Where Pt transmited power , Gt antenna transmited gain Lt is the total losses K is boltzman losses (Gr/Ts) is the figure of merit Eb/N0 is the energy per noise density for modulation B is the bit rate. Since we know the modulation sachem and the bit rate, we can calcuate C/N0 For a QPSK modulation and BER 10-3 of , Eb/N0 = 21dB , where B =45Gb/s. Substitut ing these values in Eq (2) C/N0 = 21 + 101og10 45G = 127.53 (dBHz)
Link budget
In order to calculate (Gr/Ts) , we need to evaluate the noise system temperature Ts. we simplified the receiver architecture as shown below
TA
1/L
GLA
GA
TF
TLA
TAmp
Where L= 0.5 dB , l= 1.122. FGLA=1.5 dB, fgla= 1.413. GLA= 20 dB FGA= 3dB, fGA= 2. GA= 30 dB TF = 210 (1.122-1)=25.62K. TLA=210(1.413-1)=86.73. TAmp=210(2-1)=210. TA= 50 K. Ts= TA + TF + TLA/ (1/L) + TAmp/ (GLA * (1/L)) + ........... Ts = 50 + 25.2 + 96.432 + 2.36 = 173.992 K The results confirms that the major contributors to the system noise temperature are the first two de vices comparing the front end area of the satellite receiver.
Link budget
10log10(Gr/Ts) = 10log10 (3162.278/173.992 ) = 12.6 dB/K Pt = C/N0 - Gt + Lt - 10log10(Gr/Ts) 10log10(k) Where Lt = Lp + Lat Lp = 20 log (4d/) = 176 dB , Lat = 0.45 dB Pt= 127.53 45 + 176.5 12.6 228.6 Pt = 17.83dB , 61 watt N (dBW) = 10log10k (dBW/Hz/K) + 10 log10 (Tant + Te) (dBK) + 10log10B (dB Hz) N = -228.6 + 22.4 + 87 N = - 119.2 dBw
Link budget
4/6 GHz link; satellite antenna = 1m earth antenna = 3m
up link Pt tx power Gt tx ant gain Lp free space loss La atmosph loss Gr rx ant gain Pr rx power T noise temp B bandwidth down link Unit dBW dB dB dB dB dBW K MHz
N noise power
S/N at rx
- 119.2 dBw
40.58
-114.9
39.9
dBW
dB
CDMA
- Unable to perform very well for the future broadband satellite communication services.
OFDM
TDMA
Useful in Broadband & Mobile Satellite Comm.
Challenges
Same scheme by both downlink and uplink Complexity & Cost of term inals equipment will be Reduced. Uplink: Increasing Pt compensate for the fading Downlink: Difficult to compensate for the fading by high power. Solution: Employing the efficient coding scheme The link scheme based on the OFDM/TDM technique
PDCU
Solar Array
Payload
Primary Source
Solar Panels
* Gallium Arsenide 3-junction solar cells .
* 2 Solar panels. * Efficiency up to 26 % of the sun energy. * Each panel measures 5.35 2.53m * 3744 individual photovoltaic cells.
* Power produced at 32 v.
* Power produced is 7000watts
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Lithium Ion Cells (Batteries)
Higher energy density than the Nickel-based batteries. Operating voltage is 3.6 to 3.9 v which reduces the number of cells. 65% volume advantage and 50% mass advantage. 150 Kg should be considered. A regulator system that bleeds off the excess power as heat will be used. Used for the night hours (12 per martian day)
dust accumulation will decrease solar cell performance by 77% after only 2 years.
Approaches:
Array vibrating technique for dust removal. Use RTG or fuel cells as secondary power sources during eclipses. RTG provide more power for less mass but they are much more expensive.
Communications Gateway
Building a publicly accessible gateway on Mars. Gateways should be positioned in deep space so th at information can be passed back and forth. Robust redundancy is required for gateways to ens ure reliable, long term operations. Orbital dynamics could be a problem in the name of position of gateways at solar LaGrange points
Communications Gateway
A proposed system called Interplanetary Internet ( IPN) can be used for deep space communication a nd linked to Earth by satellites. There will be a network between two internets wit h a local gateway. Data rate of minimum 1 Mbps would be enough fo r real time data transfer. Parcel Transfer Protocol (PTP) can be also used if necessary. TCP/IP protocol can be used on both planet.
Technical Challenges
Interactive protocols do not work as the distance is long. Latency or delay may occur. Antennas weight should be small. Low bandwidth.