BERMAD Control Valves Presents:

Basic Control Valves

Goals and Agenda

Goals
Getting to know more about:
What a control valve is.
How a control valve operates.
Various kinds of control valves.

Agenda

Basic concepts and terms

Various valve body patterns
Comparison of actuators
Valve operation characteristics as determined by
actuator

Definitions
Pressure
The ratio of hydraulic force acting perpendicularly on
unit area of surface

Pressure Units
atm., bar, m.w.h., psi, kpa

Flow
The amount of liquid supplied /consumed in a given
period of time. Flow units: m/h, l/sec, gpm

Kv
Flow factor - Describes the flow rate in
pressure drop

m/h at 1 bar

Definitions
Upstream pressure
Inlet pressure

Downstream pressure
Outlet pressure

Working pressure
The available inlet pressure measured upstream of the
valve.

Maximum pressure
The rated pressure of the valve/system.

Control Valves in Agriculture System

Terminology
A1 = Seat area
A2 = Actuator effective area
P1 = Upstream pressure
P2 = Downstream
regulated pressure
P3 = Upper control
chamber pressure
P = P1-P2
Q = Flow
P1

A1
Q

A2
A2

P3

P2

P1

A1
Q

P3

P2

Principle Equation of Control Valve Operation

P (pressure) x A (area) = F (force)

Pressure: atm, bar, kps, psi, mwh, etc.
Area: cm, mm , inch, etc.
Force: kgf, N (Newton) etc.

How do changes of these variables effect the control

valve?

Operational Modes

Closed
Open
Modulating

Closed Valve
P3 = P1

A2

A1

P2 = 0

A2 > A1
P3 x A2 > P1 x A1

Q=0

Closed Valve

A2

F2 = A2 x P3

P1

P2

A1

F1 = A1 x P1

F2 - F1= Net force for

drip- tight closing

Fully Open
Which of the variables can be controlled, to modify
the relative forces and thus the state of the control
valve?

Answer: P3

Fully Open
P3 = 0
P3
A2

A1
P1

P2

P1 x A1 > P3(0) x A2

P2 = P1 - P
Q= working flow

Fully Open

P2

P1

A1

F1 = A1 x P1

F1= Net Force

for Opening

How Open is Open?

A = D / 4
2r = D
D / 4 = D x H
Thus for unrestricted
flow H = D1/4

Control Valve Basic Patterns

Y-Pattern

Globe

Saunders

Angle

In-Line

Y Oblique Pattern

700

200

Y Oblique
Advantages
Saves energy
semi-straight flow
Low head loss

Higher cavitation resistance

One piece actuator unit
fast service
advantage in vertical installation

Disadvantages
High level of skills required for assembling & maintaining
Relatively expensive

Globe Pattern
200

900

Globe
Advantages
Easy to assemble & maintain
Lower cost

Disadvantages
Loss of energy

High head - loss

Turbulent flow

Angle
Advantages
Easy to assemble & maintain
Saves space and accessories
All BERMAD Models are

available in Angle pattern

Saunders
Advantages

Saves energy - almost

full bore
Low cost

Disadvantages

Unbalanced diaphragm

Tends to draw
Short life
Different types for
different pressures

No linear indication to
valves position
Cavitation jet to body and
diaphragm at low flow condition

In-line Valves
Advantages

Saves energy- straight flow

Good performance at high differential pressure
High cavitation resistance
Protected

Disadvantages
Requires dismounting
from line for maintenance
Sensitive to parts in fluid
Requires up-stream filter
High Level of skills
required for assembling
and maintaining
Expensive when
becomes commercial

In-line Valves
Disadvantages (continuance)
Several Dynamic seals
(stem+pistons)
Requires high pressure to
start opening and
closing procedure
Increases leakage risk
Increases body and
seal erosion damage
Monoblock
low diameter, long and
internal tubes
A small control chamber
small control orifice causes
Increased reacting time at P drop

In-line Valves
Disadvantages (continuance)
Double chambered
only Continuous draining
Plastic construction
relatively low strain
resistance
Cumbersome,
complicate and
long installation

400 Series

Balanced diaphragm
Same diaphragm for the entire range of pressures
Full support to the flexible part
Sealing - resembles radial seal disc
Dynamic guiding proportional to P
Linear indication to
valve position
Saves energy
- semi straight flow

Closing/Opening Speed Depends on:

The type of actuator
Paths & control tube size
Flow, downstream
and upstream pressure

Actuators
Double-chambered

Single-chambered

Single and Double-Chambered Actuators

Characteristic

Double

Single

Structure

Complicated

Simple?

Closing

Fast with Slow End

Slow & Slam

Opening

Fast with Slow End

Slow & Accelerate

Conversion

Converts to Single

Complicate/ Impossible

Control Option

Many

Few

Single-Chambered Actuator Conversion

Impossible

Complicated

Double-Chamber Actuator Structure

Relatively complicated
Many parts
Assembly must be exact
High level of skills required for assembling &
maintaining


Control Valves

Hydraulic Diaphragm Valve

Pilot valve

valve

valve

diaphragm

valve

Pressure Reducing
Valve

Downstream

valve

valve

 Pilot

valve

Pressure

Vent

Main valve

Pressure gauge
(
Downstream )

Valve

Main valve

Valve (

Diaphragm )

Diaphragm
-

Needle valve ( main valve )

Down

Up (down)

(up)

Pressure Sustaining/Pressure Relief valve

(upstream)

(pressure relief)

(surge)

(pressure sustaining)

730

()

()

Pressure Sustaining valve

Pump Control Valve : Model 743

1.



4

5
2.

3.

Pump Control Valve

Anticipating Control Valve( Surge Control valve)

(surge)

(surge)


(shock wave)

#2

Surge Solutions Surge Control Valve

735 Function Power Failure

 Surge control valve

Flow Control Valve

1.

Orifice

Flow Control Valve

Model 772-U

Altitude Valve

3 (altitude
pilot)

Altitude Valve

Modulating Float Valve :

GS 1

Modulating Float Valve

Operation

Modulating Float Valve

Non Modulating Float Valve :

Non Modulating Float Valve

GS 1

Non Modulating Float Valve

Operation
1.

2.

Altitude Valve :

Drain
GS 1