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Agriculture (plants and animals) Humans dependent on crops for food World population expanding Requirement of: Optimization of agriculture efficiency Increase in productivity
How can this be achieved? Increase crop yields (new varieties) Increase nutrition value Disease resistant plant/crops Insect resistant plant/crops Increase post harvest life
Callus
Micropropagation
The plus points
Rapid multiplication Pathogen removal Uniform plants (clones) Germplasm stored, not seeds. Embryos can be rescued.
Somaclonal variation
Cells from a single plant are taken and grown. It can give rise to variations.
Reasons for variation: Plant cells can be at different stage of growth Growth conditions different Environment conditions different Mutations Chromosome number variation
Protoplast Fusion
Tomato Hybrid Pomato Potato
Potato, tomato, pepper, tobacco plants have been regenerated from protoplasts
First practical system for gene transfer in plants in 1983 using Agrobacterium tumifaciens (Agrobactor) Agrobactor contains Ti Plasmid (T-DNA) Tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid Ti plasmid is transferred into plant genome. Ti Used as vector for inserting gene in plants (foreign gene incorporated in Ti plasmid) Good for dicot plants because agrobactor infects only dicots Monocots: gene gun technique Plant cells are bombarded with plant DNA coated nanogold particles.
Transgenic plant: genetically engineered plants Insect resistant transgenic crops (Biological Control) Example: Bt corn or Bt cotton
Bacillus thuringiensis
Gene for Bt toxin incorporated into cotton, tomato and corn. Makes it resistant to insect pests
NEW FLAVOR SAVER: A tomato modified to contain a flavor gene from lemon basil won a taste test against regular tomatoes
Animal Biotechnology
Increase milk quantity and quality Transgenic cow which produces milk with low cholesterol for heart patients Disease resistant animals/cattle Increase size of animal/goat, pig, chicken for meat production Fast growing animal for meat production Wool quality and quantity Production of low cost pharmaceuticals and biologicals
Selective breeding aims to increase the frequency of a large number of genes that work together with the remainder of the animals genome to produce the desired phenotype (characteristic)
Transgenic Animal An animal that has acquired novel genetic material by artificial means rather than by normal route of sexual reproduction. OR genetically engineered animal.
Pronucleii
Zygote
Pronucleus
Microinjection of DNA into pronucleus is the main method of gene transfer. It is done by fine glass needles that allow injection of DNA into fertilized eggs.
Transgenic animals are used for biopharmaceutical (human proteins) manufacturing Used as bioreactors
Alpha-1antitrypsin
Lysostaphin Spider silk protein
Sheep
Cow Goat
Biopharmaceutical
( biosynthetic human proteins used for therapeutic )
Insulin: is a hormone important for glucose metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle. Insulin stops the use of fat as an energy source. When insulin is absent (or low), glucose is not taken up by body cells, and blood sugar rises causing diabetes Somatostatin: growth hormone (used to treat dwarfism caused due to deficiency of hormone in diseased child.) Interferons: glycoproteins made by our body to fight virus infection and inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Used as medicine to fight some virus infection/treat cancer. Lymphokines: proteins made by immune system of our body to fight various infections (bacteria/fungi/allergy etc)
Gene Therapy
Used for the treatment of diseases by the transfer of normal functional gene in a patients body cells to restore the function of mutant abnormal gene. Two types: 1. Germ cell gene therapy Healthy gene is introduced in the patients germ cells (sperm and egg) so that can be passed on to the offsprings 2. Somatic cell gene therapy Healthy gene is introduced in patients body cells (somatic) lacking it and is not passed onto the offspring.