Quantum Theory II

Schrdinger's Equation
Particle in a box or well
Tunneling
Hydrogen Atom
Spin
Name That Tune
He was born on Sept 23, 1949
in Long Branch NJ
He is known for his brand of heartland rock
infused with pop hooks, poetic lyrics, and
Americana sentiments centered around his
native New Jersey.
His father was a bus driver
At the age of 13, he bought his first guitar for $18
after seeing Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan Show
Name That Tune
He is known for his brand of heartland rock
infused with pop hooks, poetic lyrics, and
Americana sentiments centered around his
native New Jersey.
At the age of 13, he bought his first guitar for $18
after seeing Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan Show
He responded to the September 11, 2001
attacks was his album The Rising.
Frequently toured and recorded with E Street Band
He is probably best known for his
album Born in the U.S.A.. (1984),
which sold 15 million copies.
Quantum Theory II
Schrdinger's Equation
Particle in a box or well
Tunneling
Hydrogen Atom
Spin
Schedule Change
Wednesday, April 26 Quantum Theory I
Read: Chapter 39
Friday, April 28 Quantum Theory II
Read: Chapter 40, Sections 1-4, 10
Chapter 41, Sections 1-5
Monday, May 1 Exam #3
Wednesday, May 3 Nuclear Physics
Class Question
This is the wave function of
a neutron. At what value of x
is the neutron most likely to
be found?
1. x = x
A

2. x = x
B

3. x = x
C

4. x = 0
Class Question
This is the wave function of
a neutron. At what value of x
is the neutron most likely to
be found?
1. x = x
A

2. x = x
B

3. x =x
C

4. x = 0
Reading Question
The quantity is called the
1. wave function.
2. probability.
3. probability density.
4. amplitude density.
5. Schrdinger function.
Reading Question
The quantity is called the
1. wave function.
2. probability.
3. probability density.
4. amplitude density.
5. Schrdinger function.
Quantum Theory
Matter Waves
e = = hf E
k
h
p = =

Quantum Theory
This is one of the most important
equations in physics
) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , (
2
2
2
z y x E z y x z y x V z y x
m
+ + + = + V

) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( z y x E z y x V z y x K
op op
+ + + = +
E V K = +
) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( z y x z y x dV z y x P + + =
-
? 4 =
i = = 2 1 2
imaginary numbers
imaginary function
Quantum Theory
Schrdinger's Equation in
One-dimension
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2 2
x E x x V x
dx
d
m
+ + + = +

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
x x x dx x P + + +
-

) ( is equation this to solution The x +
Quantum Theory
Below are the wave functions for two different particles.
Which particle has the largest momentum? Explain.
particle 1
particle 2
) (
2
) (
2 2
2
x
mE
x
dx
d
+ +

=
In one-dimension
and no potential
energy
K =
p
2
2m
So matter wave with the largest curvature (smallest
wavelength) has the largest momentum.
Quantum Theory
The wave function has no physical meaning, but +
-
+dx
does. What is the physical meaning of +
-
+dx? Discuss
this in your group.


Below is a plot of +
-
+ for an electron in a electrical
potential. Where is the electron most likely to be found?
Explain.
+
-
(x)+(x)dx
The largest probability is
where the function is a
maximum.
Probability of finding the particle in dx
Quantum Theory
What should the total area under the curve be?

Estimate the probability of finding the electron with a
position between 0 and 2? Explain how you found the
probability.

one
}
+ + = = =
=
=
-
2
0
) ( ) ( ) 2 0 (
x
x
dx x x x x P
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Quantum Theory
Particle in a one-dimensional box
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2 2
x E x x V x
dx
d
m
+ + + = +

0 ) 0 ( = < + x
0 ) ( = > + L x
0 ) 0 ( = < < L x V
) ( ) (
2
2
2 2
x E x
dx
d
m
+ + =

Quantum Theory
) ( ) (
2
2
2 2
x E x
dx
d
m
+ + =

) ( ) (
2
) (
2 2
2
x a x
mE
x
dx
d
+ + + = =

kx A x sin ) ( = +
kx B x cos ) ( = +
kx B kx A x cos sin ) ( + = +
Boundary conditions
0 0 ) 0 ( = = < + B x
Particle in a one-dimensional box
kx A x sin ) ( = +
x = 0 x = L
Quantum Theory
kx A x sin ) ( = +
2
2
2
8
n
mL
h
E
n
=
) ( ) (
2
2
2 2
x E x
dx
d
m
+ + =

( )
n
L
k
2
2t
=
0 ) ( = = + L x
Boundary condition
Particle in a one-dimensional box
x = 0 x = L
Quantum Theory
dx x x dx x P ) ( ) ( ) ( + + =
-
x k A x
n
sin ) ( = +
x k A
x x x P
n
2 2
sin
) ( ) ( ) ( = + + =
-
Quantum Theory
The Infinite Square Well or Particle in a Box
What is the equation that describes the energy for a particle
in a box?


What is the ground state energy for an electron in a box 5.0
nm in length?



What is the energy of the first excited state for an electron
in a box 1.0 nm in length?

E
n
=
2h
2
mL
2
n
2
( )
eV
nm kg X
Js X
mL
h
E ??
0 . 5 10 11 . 9
10 6 . 6 2
1
2
2
29
34
2
2
2
1
=

= =

E
2
= E
1
n
2
Quantum Theory
Growth via Chemical Beam Epitaxy (CBE) A contacted InAs/InP nanowire
50nm
0.6 eV
I
n
A
s

I
n
A
s

I
n
A
s

I
n
P

I
n
P

E
c

TEM photo of InAs/InP nanowire Energy landscape
TMIn
P
2
(As
2
)
Quantum Theory
E
n
e
r
g
y

Gate voltage (V
g
)moves energy levels up and down

Conductance only when top of Fermi sea aligns with a dot state
kT << AE,
e
2
C
kT << AE,
e
2
C
kT >> hI
kT >> hI
kT << AE,
e
2
C
+
F
e
r
m
i

S
e
a

F
e
r
m
i

S
e
a

Energy levels
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Class Question
A particle in the ground state of a potential energy well
1. is at rest.
2. has a zero-point motion.
3. is equally probable to be found at any point
inside the well.
4. has a wave function that is zero at all points.
5. has zero energy.

Class Question
A particle in the ground state of a potential energy well
1. is at rest.
2. has a zero-point motion.
3. is equally probable to be found at any point
inside the well.
4. has a wave function that is zero at all points.
5. has zero energy.

Class Question
A particle in a rigid box in the n = 2 stationary state is most
likely to be found
1. One-quarter of the way from either end.
2. One-third of the way from either end.
3. In the center of the box.
4. It is equally likely to be found at any point
in the box.
Class Question
A particle in a rigid box in the n = 2 stationary state is most
likely to be found
1. One-quarter of the way from either end.
2. One-third of the way from either end.
3. In the center of the box.
4. It is equally likely to be found at any point
in the box.
Class Question
For which potential energy is this an appropriate n = 4
wave function?
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Class Question
For which potential energy is this an appropriate n = 4
wave function?
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Quantum Theory
Plot the energy levels for a particle in a box (n = 1 to 5) and
the energy levels we found for the hydrogen atom (n = 1 to 4).
E = 0
E = -10 eV
E = -5 eV
E = 5 eV
E = 10 eV
E = 15 eV
E = -15 eV
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = infinity
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
Quantum Theory
Tunneling
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2 2
x E x x V x
dt
d
m
+ + + = +

( ) ) ( ) (
2
) (
2 2
2
x E x V
m
x
dt
d
+ + =

q x
e x
2
) (

+
) ( 2
0
E U m
a

=

Quantum Theory
Tunneling Microscope
Student Workbook
Class Question
A quantum particle can pass through a region of space that
would be forbidden to a classical particle. What is the name of
this process?
1. Teleportation
2. Vacuum decay
3. Lasing
4. Trapping
5. Tunneling
Class Question
1. Decreases.
2. Increases.
3. Does not change.
A particle with energy E approaches an energy barrier with
height U
0
> E. If U
0
is slowly decreased, the probability that
the particle reflects from the barrier
Class Question
1. Decreases.
2. Increases.
3. Does not change.
A particle with energy E approaches an energy barrier with
height U
0
> E. If U
0
is slowly decreased, the probability that
the particle reflects from the barrier