REFRESHING GSM FUNDAMENTALS

NEMHANS

SOLUTIONS Pvt. Ltd.

Managovinda Mishra

Date: 28th April 2008

N- Nokia E- Ericsson M- Motorola H- Huawei A- Alcatel Lucent N- Nortel S- Siemens

Topics
Basics ( frequencies and frames) Voice coding Logical channels Planning for 1800Mhz ( Coverage/capacity ) Spectrum management Hand over and Power Control

AMR FR/HR
DATA Capability GSM Drive test and optimization

BASICS - I
Frequencies: Primary GSM
UL 890-915 MHz. / DL in 935-960 MHz One channel 200KHz : 125 ARFCN from 0 to 124 . Ch 0 is guard band from other applications. Each ARFCN pair is separated by 45 MHz with 3 time slots spacing. Each channel carries 8 time slots, each of 577Micro seconds.

Frequencies: EGSM
UL 880-915 MHz. / DL in 925-960 MHz 50 more channels added.

Fequencies : DCS1800
UL 1710 to 1785 DL 1805 to 1880 Channel numbers 512 to 885 ( total 374 Channels)

Modulation
Gaussian Mean Shift Keying

Multiple Access
TDMA , FDMA, TDD, FDD ( No Duplexer, only fast switching synthesizer)

Voice Coding / Signaling coding

Class Ia Class Ib Class II

50
Block coding with 3 CRC bits

132

78
4 bits of zeros to reset codec

Convolution coding with rate1/2

378 78

184 signaling bit

4 bits of zeros to reset codec

40 parity bit

456 bits after coding

BASICS - II

Signaling and traffic multi frame mapping

Logical Channels - I
Logical channel caries signaling and traffic data by mapping itself to a physical channel called (time slot on a frequency). Once the physical channel is assigned with a logical channel the assignment does not change till it is complete.

Signalling Channel
Controll Channel Broad cast channel
BCCH

FCCH
SCH

Comon control channel

RACH AGCH PCH

Dedicated control channel

SDCCH SACCH

Channel MS BTS TCH <-----> FACCH <-----> BCCH <----FCCH <----SCH -----> RACH -----> PCH <----AGCH <----SDCCH <-----> SACCH <----->

Traffic Channel kbps

FR EFR AMR FR : 13 : 12.2 : 12.2 10.2 7.4 6.75 5.9 4.75 AMR HR : 6.75 5.9 4.75

Associated control channel FACH

Logical Channels - II

Logical channels
Traffic Control

FR

HR

Broad cast Control Ch

Common Control Ch

Dedicated Control Ch

DL

UL

Slow

Fast

TCH/F

TCH/H

BCCH

FCH

SCH

PCH

AGCH

RACH

SACCH

SDCCH

FACCH

RF Planning a DCS 1800 MHz network

Coverage planning
Link budget Marketing feed back Municipal boundary Site Sharing Info Anchor sites Digital map Loss Classification

Capacity planning Expected subscriber base Mean holding time QOS Tolerance Erlang B Table Speech Rate

Rail way planning is more of a capacity planning

Spectrum Management

BCCH planning
Frequency Reuse 7*3 Reuse pattern
1. 2.

TCH planning
Without hopping With Hopping
BBH

4*3 reuse pattern

3*3 Reuse pattern

SFH
1*3 1*1

Hand over

Types of Hand Over

Cause Of hand over

Intra cell HO
Intra BSS HO Intra MSC Ho Inter MSC HO
RXQUAL HO

Quality ( RX Qual is high )

Level ( RXLEV is poor) MS BTS Distance too High Better Neighboring Cell ( PBGT) Speed Sensitive HO

1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H 2. RXLEV_XX < L_RXLEV_XX_IH 3. XX_TXPWR = min(XX_TXPWR_MAX, P)

1. RXLEV_XX < L_RXLEV_XX_H 2. XX_TXPWR = min(XX_TXPWR_MAX, P)

RXLEV HO

DIST HO
RXQUAL HO intracell
PBGT HO

1. MS_BS_DIST > MS_RANGE_MAX

1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H 2. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_IH
1. RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + max(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) P) 2. PBGT(n) > HOMARGIN(n)

Power Control

Power Increase (bad quality)

L_RXQUAL_XX_P

Power decrease (good level)

Power Increase (bad level) Power

U_RXQUAL_XX_P

Decrease
(good quality) 0 63 L_RXLEV_XX_P U_RXLEV_XX_P

AMR
Mode Bitrate (kbit/s) 12.2 10.2 7.95 7.4 6.7 5.9 5.15 4.75 1.8
AFS Codec 1: AFS 7.4 Codec 2: AFS 7.95 Codec 3: AFS 10.2 Codec 4: AFS 12.2 0 - 31.5 dB (Step Size: .5 dB) Codec 1 to 2 Threshold: 6.5 dB Codec 2 to 3 Threshold: 15.5 dB Codec 3 to 4 Threshold: 18.5 dB 0 - 7.5 dB (Step Size: .5 dB) Codec 1 to 2 Hysteresis: 2 dB Codec 2 to 3 Hysteresis: 2 dB Codec 3 to 4 Hysteresis: 2 dB

Channel FR FR FR/HR FR/HR FR/HR FR/HR FR/HR FR/HR FR/HR

AMR is all bout packing and unpacking

AMR_12.20 AMR_10.20 AMR_7.95 AMR_7.40 AMR_6.70 AMR_5.90 AMR_5.15 AMR_4.75 AMR_SID

PARAMETER

AHS Codec 1: AHS 5.9 Codec 2: AHS 6.7 Codec 3: AHS 7.4

Default Active Codec Set Threshold Range

Default Threshold Values Hysteresis Range

Default Hysteresis Values

Codec 4: AHS 7.95 0 - 31.5 dB (Step Size: .5 dB) Codec 1 to 2 Threshold: 8 dB Codec 2 to 3 Threshold: 12 dB Codec 3 to 4 Threshold: 16 dB 0 - 7.5 dB (Step Size: .5 dB) Codec 1 to 2 Hysteresis: 2 dB Codec 2 to 3 Hysteresis: 2 dB Codec 3 to 4 Hysteresis: 2 dB

DATA CAPABILITY OF GSM

Coding Schemes Speed ( kbits/s) CS-1 8 CS-2 12 CS-3 14.4 CS-4 20

Comparison GPRS Modulation GMSK Symbol rate 270ksym/s Modulation bit rate 270kbs Radio data rate per time slot 22.8kbs User data rate per time slot 20kbs (CS4) User data rate (8 time slots) 160kbs EDGE 8-PSK/GMSK 270ksym/s 810kbs 69.2kbs 59.2kbs (MCS9) 473.6kbs
Coding Schemes Speed ( kbits/s) MCS-1 8.8 MCS-2 11.2 MCS-3 14.8 MCS-4 17.6 MCS-5 22.4 MCS-6 29.6 MCS-7 44.8 MCS-8 54.4 MCS-9 59.2 Modulation GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK

EDGE is all about Link adaptation and BLER management

EDGE :-Enhanced data Rate for GSM Evolution

GSM Network Optimization Optimization

Field optimization

OMCR- optimization

Site Audit

Drive test Coverage /Rxlev Quality /Rxqual

Handover matrix analysis Congestion report analysis SD/TCh Traffic analysis Hr /Fr Power Control Handover Network accessibility Drop call analysis analysis Busy Hour analysis

RF Database Audit

Radio serviceability

Paging analysis
DCR

THANKS.

We can go much beyond we can go.