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by: Mohamad Taufik Hidayat b. Baharuldin Unit of Physiology, Department of Human Anatomy, FPSK, UPM
- Sistem limfatik mewakili satu jalan tambahan ; melaluinya cecair berlebihan dlm ruang interstitial (ruang antara sel) dikembalikan ke edaran sistemik - Juga ia mengangkut protein & molekul besar yang tidak dapat diserap secara langsung ke dalam kapilari
- Sistem limfatik bukan satu sistem/ litar tertutup; wujud dead end
- Ia dibina oleh rangkaian salur bdinding nipis yang membawa cecair jernih cecair limfa - Tiada pam pusat but each segment of the lymphatic vessels function as a separate automatic pump
(4) Menyediakan perlindungan jangka masa panjang dari mikro-organisma dan bahan asing
Struktur
Kapilari limfatik
Fungsi
mengumpul cecair berlebihan dari tisu
Nodus limfa
situated along collecting lymphatic vessels; filter foreign material from lymph ***
Tonsils
musnahkan agen asing di bhgn atas salur respiratori & sistem pencernaan
Struktur
Kelenjar timus
Fungsi
membentuk antibodi pada bayi; berperanan dalam perkembangan sistem imun
Non-specific defenses
Specific defenses
1st line
2nd line
Non-specific defenses
1st line defense - Skin & Mucous membranes Skin
- Outer layer of the skin-epidermis - Physical barrier from entering body - Shedding epidermis surface- remove microbiology - Normal flora will restrict growth of bad/dangerous microorganisms
Mucous membranes
- Nasal passages, mouth, lungs, digestive system & reproductive system - Stickiness mucus traps many microorganism, prevents from entering the tissues - Mucous membranes of the nose has mucus-coated hairs that trap & filter microbes, dust & pollutants from inhaled air - Mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract contains cilia, waving action propels inhaled dust & microbes that trapped in mucus toward the throat - Coughing & sneezing accelerate movement of mucus & its entrapped pathogens out of the body
- Lacrimal apparatus : manufacture tears to drain away irritants - Saliva : washes microbes from the surface of the teeth
- Defecation & vomiting expel microbes : diarrhea rapidly expels many microbes
- Gastric juice: produced by the glands of the stomach is a mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus. The strong acidity destroy many bacterial & most bacterial toxin
Non-specific defenses
2nd line defense - Internal defenses
- When pathogens penetrate the physical & chemical barrier, they encounter a second line of defense: (1)antimicrobial proteins, (2)phagocytes, natural killer cells, (3)inflammation & (4)fever (1) Antimicrobial proteins - Interferons: released from virus-infected cell. Bind to receptor of adjacent cell to produce antiviral proteins. - Complement: plasma proteins that have the ability to enhance both the nonspecific and specific defense systems of the body - Transferrins: inhibit growth of bacteria
- When microbes penetrate skin & mucous membranes or bypass the antimicrobial proteins in blood, the next nonspecific line of defense are
(2) Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytes Natural Killer Cells lymphocytes that have the ability to induce cytolysis, kill a wide variety of infectious microbes & certain tumor cells. Phagocytes perform phagocytosis, ingestion of microbes or other particles e.g. cellular debris. - Two types; neutrophils & monocytes
(3) Inflammation
redness
pain
heat
swelling
(4) Fever
- Abnormally high body temperature bcoz the hypothalamic thermostat is reset - Bacterial toxins elevate body temperature - Elevated body temperature inhibits the growth of some microbes thru intensifying the effect of interferons