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http://hermes.eee.nott.ac.uk/teaching/h5cpe2
Simulation packages:
PSIM: http://www.powersimtech.com/download.html
PSPICE: http://hermes.eee.nott.ac.uk/teaching/h54pqe/
LIVE Power Electronics Course (prof. Mohan)
http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/PowerElectronics_Drives/
User: klumpner@ieee.org
Password: powerelectronics
Free Power Electronics Literature on Internet
Power Modules - Application Manual (Semikron)
http://www.semikron.com/skcweb/e/applica/applica_help.html
Switched-Mode Power Supplies (Philips)
http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/acrobat/applicationnotes/APPCHP2.pdf
Power Control with Thyristors and Triacs (Philips)
http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/acrobat/applicationnotes/APPCHP6.pdf

Ideal Diode
Rectifier (1)
0
Neutral
A
B
C
Line A
Phase
voltage
Vxy
D1 D3 D5
D4 D6 D2
Id=const
x
y
Vx
Vxy
Vy
D1, D3, D5 select the most positive input line potential to x
D4, D6, D2 select the most negative input line potential to y

IA
D4 (-Id)
D1 (+Id)
IA
30
150
Six-pulse diode rectifier
Highly inductive load
(excitation of synchronous generator)
D1
D3 D5
D6
D4 D2
Ideal Diode
Rectifier (2)
Mean (average) rectified voltage
0
3 3
5
cos cos
2 2
3 3
6 6
5 5
2
6 6 6 6
x
E
E
V E
t t
t t t t
t
(
| |
| |

( |

|
(
\ .
\ .
= = =

0 0
3 3
2
y x
V V E
t
= = y potential= x potential mirrored
0
3 3
2
xy x
E
V V
t
= =
If E= 240 then 2
561.4
xy
V V =
0 0
0
30 150
x AN
V Volt time Area V from =
Or it could be determined from integrating the line-
to-line voltage over 60
120
60
1
3 sin
3
3 2 3 3
cos cos
3 3 3
xy
V E d
E E
o
o o
t
t t
t t
=
= =
(
| | | |
=
| |
(
\ . \ .

}
Measures of
Power Quality (1)
VA
IA
Lets consider a nonlinear load that draws a nonlinear
and displaced current from a sinusoidal supply VA
IA
Iah= IA -IA1
IA1
1. Extract the fundamental component IA1 (Amp&angle)
IA=1*sin(100tt)+1/3*sin(300tt)+1/5*sin(500tt)+1/7*sin(700tt)
FFT of IA
Displacement Power Factor (DPF)
DPF= Cosine of phase shift between fundamental
component of line current and the associated phase
voltage (ie I
A
and V
AN
)
Accounts for proportion of fundamental current that
does something useful. DPF = 1 is good, DPF = 0.5 is
bad (50% of fundamental current does nothing useful)

Measures of
Power Quality (2)

VA
IA1
IA1-reactive
IA1-active
2 2 2
1 1 1 A A active A reactive
I I I

= +
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
cos
sin
A active A
A reactive A
I I
I I

=
=
2. Decompose the fundamental component into an
active IA1-active in phase with VA and a reactive IA1-reactive
which is 90-deg displaced to VA

IA1
IA1-active
IA1-reactive
Measures of
Power Quality (3)
RMS (root-mean square) current = the value of an equivalent
DC current that produces the same amount of heat into a given
resistor as the current in question
2 2
0
1
T
RMS
t
P R I i dt
T
=
= =
}
2
0
1
T
RMS
t
I i dt
T
=
=
}

2 2 2
1
2
RMS RMS k RMS
k
I I I

=
= +

Distortion Factor (DF)

DF = RMS fundamental current/total RMS current (<1 !!)
Accounts for the proportion of RMS current that is due
to harmonics. DF = 1 is good (pure sinewave). DF = 0.5
is bad (50% of RMS current is due to the harmonics)

Total Harmonic Distortion Factor (THD)

2
2 2
100 100 1
k RMS
k
RMS
I
THD DF
I

=
= =

This parameters is more often used to define the degree of

distortion of a waveform:
%
Relationship between quantities
Assume voltage is undistorted compared to current
normally reasonable for a decent power system
Then total RMS voltage = fundamental RMS voltage
1
1
1
Power delivered
where fund RMS current
Hence:
RMS RMS
RMS
RMS RMS
Tot
RMS RMS
P V I DPF
I
V I DPF
PF DF DPF
V I
=
=

= =

Power factor = Displacement factor * Distortion factor

Note if the current is undistorted then DF = 1 and Power
factor = Displacement factor = Cosine of phase shift (as
given in 1
st
year notes)
Power Factor (PF)
PF= active power delivered/total RMS volts * total RMS amps
Tells us what proportion of the total apparent power (VA)
represents useful power delivered to the load (Watts)
PF=1 is good, PF = 0.5 is bad (have to supply 1000VA to get
500W for example)
Measures of
Power Quality (4)
Ideal Diode
Rectifier (5)
+Id
-Id
T/2
T
0
u
Half-wave symmetric: f (t+T/2) = - f (t)
4
sin
2
d
n
I
I n
n
u
t

| |
=
|

\ .
where n=1,3,5,7,9
In =0 for n =2,4,6because of half-wave symmetry
Analyze Input Current Waveform=general case
Decomposition in Fourier series results in:
In =0 for the situations where n*u = 2t
As for 3-phase diode rectifier (ideal case) u = 2t/3
Harmonics current component: In =0 for n=3, 9, 15 etc
1
2 3
d
I
I
t

=
1
5
5
I
I =
1
7
7
I
I =
1
11
11
I
I =
(peak)
RMS input current:
2 3
RMS d
I I =
1
2 3 3
0.95
2 3
d
RMS
d
I I
I
I
t
t

= = =

Distortion factor DF =
> Id
Displacement factor DPF = 1
1
0.95
RMS RMS
Tot
RMS RMS
V I DF
PF DPF DF
V I

= = =

Power factor
Non-ideal Diode
Rectifier (1)
0
Neutral
A
B
C
Line A
Phase
voltage
Vxy
D1
D3
D5
D4 D6 D2
Id=const
x
y
L
L
L
a
b
c
Effect of supply inductance = this causes overlap since current
cant transfer instantaneously from one device to another
VA VB VC
D1
a
D3
b
x
ia
; 0
a
a
di
i const L
dt
= = 0
a
a d
di
i I L
dt
= =
Instant commutation between D1 and D3 is not possible !
ia
ib
Non-ideal Diode
Rectifier (2)
'
a
a AN
di
V V L
dt
=
'
b
b BN
di
V V L
dt
=
a b d
i i I const + = =
a b
di di
dt dt
=
Outgoing diode (D1) Incoming diode (D3)
Both diodes conduct simultaneously (overlap)
' ' a b
V V =
a a
AN BN
di di
V L V L
dt dt
= +
2
a AN BN
di V V
L
dt

=
'
2 2
AN BN AN BN
a AN x
V V V V
V V V
+
= = =
y CN
V V =
2 2
AN BN AC BC
xy CN
V V V V
V V
+ +
= =

Loss in Volt-time area!! smaller Vxy
Non-ideal Diode
Rectifier (3)
The missing VTA in Vxy is required to commutate the load
current Id from D1 to D3
Loss in mean Vxy
Total VTA loss from Vx in one cycle = 3*L*Id
a
L
di
V L
dt
=
6 3
2
d d
I L I L
e e
t t
= =
Effect on the line current waveform
lost L a d
VTA V dt L di L I = = =
} }
Similar for Vy hence total VTA loss in Vxy = 6*L*Id
3 3
3
xy d
E
V I L
e
t t

=
Causes volt-drop with Id
known as regulation
Negligible effect on
the harmonics unless
is very large
ia ib
Id
0

a b d
i i I + =
Non-ideal Diode
Rectifier (4)
Calculation of
0
A
B
D1 D3
Id=const
x
L
L
a
b
VBA
ia
ib
Easiest way to find it is by considering the following loop:

3 E
VBA
( )
3 cos0 cos 2
d
E I L =
( )
3
1 cos
2
d
I L E =
Area =
2 Id *L

During this time, Vba causes the change of :
ia from Id to 0
ib from 0 to Id
Detrimental effect on other users
0
A
B
C
Id=const
L1
L2
L1 L2
To other users
Current in L2 is
distorted due to
overlap
Voltage in PCC =
partially distorted
PCC
1
1 2
L
L L +