Entry Level Technology Program

ORACLE
Introduction

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Entry Level Technology Program

ORACLE Oak Ridge Automated Computer And Logical Engine

It is a DBMS, which manages a large amount of data in a multi user environment so that many users concurrently access the data. It Also provides security and Recovery. It stores and manages data using relational model. Oracle is the name of database management system developed by Oracle corporation.

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ORACLE
Entry Level Technology Program

Oracle server manages data in the database. Users access Oracle server using SQL commands. So Oracle server receives SQL commands from users and execute them on the database. SQL commands
CLIENT Result Database CLIENT
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ORACLE SERVER

DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
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U1

U2

VL
SHADOW PAGE .. .. ..

.. .. .. T1

.. .. ..

.. .. ..

LL

T2

LOWER LEVEL STRUCTURE

PL

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Physical Level
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The Physical structure of the database is placed in Physical level. It is physically a set of operating system files. There are 3 types. Data Files

Redo log files

Control files These files automatically creates when database is created.

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Physical structure
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Data Files It contains the data of the database. Every table that is stored in the database is a part of these files. Only Oracle Server can interpret these data files.
Redo Log Files Every database has a set of two or more Redo Log files. The set of redo log files is known as databases redo log. Redo Log files are used in failure recovery.

All changes made to the database are written to redo log file.. ( filenames redo01.log)

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Physical Structure
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Control Files Every Oracle database has a control file. It contains vital data regarding the database. It contains ( Extension of file is ctl)
Database Name

Names and locations of data files and redo log files.

Path Oracle\oradata\orcl ( to see all the 3 types of files)

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Logical Structure
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Logical Structure is independent of Physical structure. Each Oracle database contains the following components. oTablespaces oSegments

oExtents
oBlocks

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Tablespace
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Each Database is a collection of tablespaces.For example we can use a table space called PAYROLL to store all the data related to payroll application. Every database contains SYSTEM tablespace. This is automatically created when a database is created. SYSTEM tablespace contains the data dictionary tables. It is possible to make tablespace temporarily unavailable by making it off-line and make it available again by changing it to on-line.By making a tablespace off-line, DBA can take the backup.

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SEGMENTS
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Data into tablespaces comes in the form of segments. Example Table is a segment An Oracle database requires upto 4 types of segments Data segments Index Segments It is used to store data of tables used to store indexes

Rollback segments Here Undo information is stored

Temporary segments Oracle stores Temporary tables

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Extents
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The storage space is allocated to segments is in the form of Extents.Each Tablespace contains 65536 data files N number of such Table spaces creates a database. An extent is made with in a data file N Number of continuous db blocks make up an Extent Table Table Segment Table space

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Extents

QUERY PROCESS
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1 2 3

PARSING EXECUTE FETCH

3 2
SERVER PROCESS

DB

CLIENT PROCESS

CLIENT

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Oracle Instance
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. Every oracle database is associated with an Oracle Instance. Every time a database is started, a memory area called System Global Area(SGA) or Shared Global Area is allocated and one or more processes are started.

The combination of SGA and Oracle processes is called as Oracle Instance.

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Features & Benefits

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ORACLE
Scalability One Management Interface

9i
INTERNET

Reliability
Single Dev Model
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Common Skill Sets

Features
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Oracle Offers a comprehensive high performance infrastructure for e-business.It is called Oracle9i.It provides every thing needed to develop, deploy and manage Internet Applications. Benefits Scalability from departments to enterprise e-business sites Reliable, available and secure architecture

One development model, easy development options

Common skill sets including SQL, PL/SQL,JAVA and XML
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9i Products
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There are two products. They provide a complete and simple infrastructure for internet applications.

IAS

DATABASE

9i
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9i

Application Server
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9i Application server runs all the applications and 9i database stores our data. Oracle 9i Application server runs Portals or web sites

Java Transactional Applications

Provides integration between users, applications and data

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Oracle9i : OORDBMS
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User-Defined data types and objects Fully compatible with relational database Support of multimedia and Large objects It also support client server and web based applications Oracle 9i can scale tens of thousands of concurrent users and support up to 512 petabytes of data ( A peta byte is 1000 tera bytes)

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Environment
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Oracle uses two types of Environments for executing our SQL statements. SQL*plus and iSQL*plus. iSQL*plus is oAn Environment

oOracle proprietary
oKeywords can be abbreviated oRuns on a browser

oCentrally loaded, does not have to be implemented on each machine

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Tools of Oracle
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SQL * PLUS ISQLPLUS PL/SQL FORMS REPORTS

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SQL commands
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Data Definition Language (DDL) : CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE Data Manipulation Language (DML) : INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE Transaction Control Language (TCL) : COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT Data Retrieval Language (DRL) : SELECT Data Control Language (DCL) : GRANT, REVOKE

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Data Types
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VARCHAR2(size) bytes) CHAR (size) chars NUMBER (p,s) DATE LONG GB CLOB

Data Type

Variable-length character data(4000 Fixed-length character data up to 2000 Variable-length numeric data Date and time values Variable-length character data upto 2 Character data up to 4 GB Raw binary data (Raw is 2000 bytes and Long Raw is 4 GB)
ORACLE

Description

RAW and LONG RAW

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Data Types
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BLOB BFILE

Binary data up to 4 GB Binary data stored in an external file up to 4GB

NVARCHAR2(size)

Variable-length character data(4000 bytes/chars) depending upon National Character Set TIMESTAMP (precision) Date plus time

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Entry Level Technology Program

Writing Basic SQL SELECT Statements

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Basic SELECT Statement

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SELECT FROM

*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} table;

SELECT identifies what columns FROM identifies which table

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Selecting All Tables and Columns

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SELECT * FROM TAB; SELECT * FROM DEPT;

DESC[RIBE] DEPT

SELECT DEPTNO,LOC FROM DEPT;

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Writing SQL Statements

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SQL statements are not case sensitive. SQL statements can be on one or more lines. Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines. Clauses are usually placed on separate lines. Indents are used to enhance readability.

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Using Arithmetic Operators

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SELECT ENAME, SAL, SAL + 300 FROM EMP;

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Defining a Null Value

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null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is not the same as zero or a blank space.

SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL, COMM FROM EMP;

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Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions

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Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.

SELECT ENAME, 12*SAL*COMM FROM EMP;

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Defining a Column Alias

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A column alias: Renames a column heading Is useful with calculations Immediately follows the column name - there can also be the optional AS keyword between the column name and alias Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or is case sensitive

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Using Column Aliases

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SELECT ENAME AS name , COMM commission FROM EMP;

SELECT EENAME "Name", SAL*12 "Annual Salary" FROM EMP;

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Concatenation Operator
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A concatenation operator: Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns Is represented by two vertical bars (||) Creates a resultant column that is a character expression

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Entry Level Technology Program

Using the Concatenation Operator

SELECT FROM

ENAME || JOB AS "Employees" EMP;

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Literal Character Strings

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A literal is a character, a number, or a date included in the SELECT list. Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single quotation marks. Each character string is output once for each row returned.

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Entry Level Technology Program

Using Literal Character Strings

SELECT ENAME ||' is a ' ||JOB AS "Employee Details" FROM EMP;

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Duplicate Rows
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The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows.

SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP;

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Eliminating Duplicate Rows

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Eliminate duplicate rows by using the DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause.

SELECT DISTINCT DEPTNO FROM EMP;

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Entry Level Technology Program

Restricting and Sorting Data

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Objectives
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After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Limit the rows retrieved by a query Sort the rows retrieved by a query

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Limiting the Rows Selected

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Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause.

SELECT FROM [WHERE *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} table condition(s)];

The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.

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Using the WHERE Clause

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SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO = 30 ;

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Character Strings and Dates

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Character strings and date values are enclosed in single quotation marks. Character values are case sensitive, and date values are format sensitive. The default date format is DD-MON-RR.

SELECT ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO

FROM WHERE EMP ENAME = 'WARD';

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Comparison Conditions
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Operator = > >= < <= <>

Meaning Equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Less than Less than or equal to Not equal to

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Using Comparison Conditions

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SELECT ENAME, SAL FROM WHERE EMP SAL <= 3000;

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Other Comparison Conditions

Operator BETWEEN ...AND...

Meaning Between two values (inclusive),

IN(set)
LIKE IS NULL

Match any of a list of values

Match a character pattern Is a null value

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Using the BETWEEN Condition

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Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on a range of values.

SELECT ENAME, SAL FROM WHERE EMP SAL BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500;

Lower limit Upper limit

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Using the IN Condition

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Use the IN membership condition to test for values in a list.

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, FROM WHERE EMP

MGR

MGR IN (7900, 7566,7982 );

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Using the LIKE Condition

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Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard searches of valid search string values. Search conditions can contain either literal characters or numbers:

% denotes zero or many characters. _ denotes one character.

SELECT FROM WHERE

ENAME EMP ENAME LIKE 'S%';

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Using the LIKE Condition

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You can combine pattern-matching characters.

SELECT ENAME FROM WHERE EMP ENAME LIKE '_o%';

You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for the actual % and _ symbols.

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Using the NULL Conditions

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Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.

SELECT ENAME, MGR

FROM
WHERE

EMP
MGR IS NULL;

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Logical Conditions
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Operator AND OR

Meaning Returns TRUE if both component conditions are true Returns TRUE if either component condition is true Returns TRUE if the following condition is false

NOT

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Using the AND Operator

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AND requires both conditions to be true.

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL

FROM
WHERE AND

EMP
SAL >=10000 JOB LIKE '%MAN%';

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Using the OR Operator

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OR requires either condition to be true.

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM EMP

WHERE
OR

SAL >= 10000

JOB LIKE '%MAN%';

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Using the NOT Operator

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SELECT ENAME, JOB

FROM

EMP

WHERE

JOB

NOT IN (MANAGER', 'CLERK', 'SALESMAN');

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Rules of Precedence
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Order Evaluated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Operator Arithmetic operators Concatenation operator Comparison conditions IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN [NOT] BETWEEN NOT logical condition AND logical condition OR logical condition

Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.

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Rules of Precedence
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SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM WHERE OR EMP JOB = 'SALESMAN' JOB = 'PRESIDENT'

AND

SAL > 15000;

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Rules of Precedence
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Use parentheses to force priority.

SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM WHERE OR AND EMP (JOB = 'SALESMAN' JOB = 'PRESIDENT') SAL > 15000;

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ORDER BY Clause
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Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause

ASC: ascending order, default DESC: descending order

The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement.

SELECT FROM

ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, HIREDATE EMP

ORDER BY HIREDATE ;

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Sorting in Descending Order

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SELECT

ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, HIREDATE

FROM

EMP

ORDER BY HIREDATE DESC ;

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Sorting by Column Alias

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SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL*12 annsal FROM EMP

ORDER BY annsal;

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Sorting by Multiple Columns

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The order of ORDER BY list is the order of sort.

SELECT EMPNO, DEPTNO, SAL

FROM

EMP

ORDER BY DEPTNO, SAL DESC;

You can sort by a column that is not in the SELECT list.

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Summary
Entry Level Technology Program

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

Use the WHERE clause to restrict rows of output

Use the comparison conditions Use the BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and NULL conditions Apply the logical AND, OR, and NOT operators

Use the ORDER BY clause to sort rows of output

SELECT FROM [WHERE [ORDER BY *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} table condition(s)] {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];

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Exercise
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1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Display the names with single word Display the names with two words Display the names with exactly three words Display all the salaries beginning with digit 2 Display all the names with second letter as A Display the employees who joined between any two given dates 7) Display the names and experience of all the employees 8) How many employees does not draw salary between 5000 and 10000 9) Display all the names whose names contain underscore(_) 10)Calculate the experience in years for each employee and display along with their names, in descending order.

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