Académique Documents
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Temidayo O Ogundiran MBBS (Ibadan), MHSc (Toronto), FACS, FRCS (Edinburgh), FWACS
Division of Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan West African Bioethics Programme, University of Ibadan
Research
activity designed to test a hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge
(Belmont Report)
Research...
a systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge (45 CFR 46.102)
Research...
The acquisition of knowledge is the mission of research, the transmission of knowledge is the mission of teaching and the application of knowledge is the mission of public service (JA Perkins, 2004)
Acquisition of knowledge
research
Transmission of knowledge
Application of knowledge
teaching
public service
Albert Einstein
Most
people say that it is the intellect that makes a great scientist. They are wrong; it is character
Scientific Integrity
Individual Individuals commitment to intellectual honesty and personal responsibility An aspect of moral character and experience Institution Commitment to creating an environment that promotes responsible conduct by embracing standards of excellence, trustworthiness and lawfulness
Accuracy
-reporting findings precisely and taking care to avoid errors
Efficiency
-using resources wisely and avoiding waste
Objectivity -letting the facts speak for themselves and avoiding improper bias
Important to the public- public good is advanced by science conducted in the interest of humanity research institutions scientists the scientific enterprise
intellectual honesty in proposing, performing and reporting research accuracy in representing contributions to research proposals and reports fairness in peer review collegiality in scientific interactions, communication and sharing of resources transparency in (potential) conflicts of interest protection of human subjects in the conduct of research humane care of animals in the conduct of research adherence to mutual responsibilities between investigators and their research teams
Institutional Requirements
Policies- that cover various aspects of institutions research programmes Review committees- for human and animal research Financial policy-approval and management of all research budgets Biosafety regulations Research misconduct procedures- reports, investigations, adjucating, sanctions, etc Training for researchers on responsible conduct of research Research office/officer-manages all research responsibilities
SCIENTIFIC WRITINGS
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Scientific Writings
Papers-original articles, review articles, case reports, proceedings, abstracts, letters to editors, commentaries/opinions Reports, monograms Books/chapters in a book Grants proposals, research manuscripts Dissertations/thesis etc
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Quality of Data
The use of accepted norms in statistical analysis and inclusion (retention) of data Data sharing policies for published work Respecting confidentiality with certain types of data e.g. genetics
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Recording Data
Maintenance of records on methods used in the laboratory or research field Maintenance of research data (hard vs. soft copies) Laboratory information management systems Electronic laboratory notebooks
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Retaining Data
All primary/original data must be retained for required time Storing data under conditions that will maintain its quality
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Publication
Writing a scientific manuscript (including final approval of all authors) The concepts and procedures for peer review of manuscripts The roles of reviewers of manuscripts The roles of editors in manuscript review Sharing research information after publication
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Peer Review
Peer review is a procedural safeguard in the scientific method that provides institutionalized self-criticism and quality control Peer review is the scrutiny of research by others with the objectivity and expertise to evaluate the quality of the work fairly
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Peer Review 2
Public release of research findings should come only after peer review Peer reviewers are usually journal board members or are selected ad hoc by the editor Peer reviewers qualifications include appropriate scientific expertise, no conflict of interest, and adequate time to review
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RESEARCH MISCONDUCTS
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Scientific/Research Misconduct
Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and other practices that seriously deviate from those normally accepted within the scholarly and scientific community for proposing, conducting or reporting research
(42 CFR Part 93)
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Scientific/Research Misconduct
Does not include honest errors or differences in interpretations or judgments of data or of opinion
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"The only ethical principle which has made science possible is that the truth shall be told all the time.
If we do not penalise false statements made in error, we open up the way..... for false statements by intention.
And of course a false statement of fact made deliberately, is the most serious crime a scientist can commit (Snow, 1959)
Scientists have an obligation to check all their data thoroughly and to draw only valid conclusions from them (Mann)
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Fabrication
making up data or other relevant information at any stage of the typical scientific process from research development and application for funding up to the submission of findings for publication
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Plagiarism1
the appropriation of another persons ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit a matter of false attribution failing to reveal or credit an existing source
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Plagiarism...2
Self plagiarism using ones own previously published work (or parts of it) without citing any source repeatedly publishing copies of one's own research findings or papers in different scientific journals
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Plagiarism3
Unpublished plagiarism
unattributed use of material to which one has acquired confidential access in a review process, in grant proposals or manuscripts
difficult to prove when the original work is unpublished and also secured under the provisions of confidentiality
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Danger to Science
violates moral precepts undermines the most fundamental tenet of science- trust undermines the normal progression of science loss of self esteem
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History repeats itself; thats one of the things thats wrong with history Clarence Darrow
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WERNER BEZWODA
WR Bezwoda, L Seymour and RD Dansey. High dose chemotherapy with hemopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial. JOC 1995;13:24832489 Retracted JOC 2001;19:2973 RB Weiss et al Lancet 2000;355:999-103 P. Cleaton-Jones Lancet 2000;355:1011-1012
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Notice of Retraction
The article published in the January 2001 issue of the Archives titled Prophylaxis With Oral Granisetron for the Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy by Fujii et al is hereby retracted. Allegations have been raised about the scientific integrity and ethical oversight of the research conducted by Dr Fujii.
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Notice of Retraction2
Our investigation revealed that Dr Fujii and coauthors had not applied to the ethical committee for institutional review board approval regarding this study, and therefore we are retracting this article.
Julie Ann Freischlag, MD, Editor; Howard Bauchner, MD, Editor in Chief. (Arc Sur Published Online June 18, 2012 www.archsurg.com) Original article was published: Arch Surg. 2001;136[1]:101-104)
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Preventing/Detecting Fraud
1. Peer review should
-be standardized -accreditable
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Preventing/Detecting Fraud...2
2. Replication of studies 3. Designated corporate officers in charge of research integrity
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Preventing/Detecting Fraud...3
4. IRB/REC Process -Review of Protocols -Monitoring of research -Data and safety monitoring
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Preventing/Detecting Fraud...4
5. Internal depositories for all data -document to contain processes, analytic procedures and research methodologies researchers use -all of the resulting material should be audited by external bodies
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Preventing/Detecting Fraud...5
6.International systems to detect scientific plagiarism using a template of the automated system used by colleges and universities to detect plagiarism in student assignments
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Preventing/Detecting Fraud...6
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Preventing/Detecting Fraud...7
8. Formal education in ethics Through education and discussion, ethics should impact on moral attitudes and behaviour. Critical thinking skills and analytical techniques from the humanities would help clinicians and researchers understand the implications and context of their actions
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Resources
Schneider B and Schuklenk U. Scientific misconduct. Developing World Bioethics 2005; 5(1);92-108 Institute of Medicine-National Research Council, 2002:Integrity in scientific research-creating an environment that promotes responsible conduct ORI Introduction to the responsible conduct of research Francis L Macrine. Scientific integrity, 2005: 3rd edition IF Adewole. Research Integrity. West African Bioethics Program, 2005 Anderson MS, Steneck NH. The problem of plagiarism. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations 29 (2011) 9094
Resources
Michael D. Mann, The ethics of collecting and processing data and publishing results of scientific research. Available at http://www.unmc.edu/ethics/data/data_int.htm Online research ethics course. Available at http://ori.dhhs.gov/education/products/montana_round1/issues.ht ml James A. Perkins. President, Cornell. Quoted in New York Times, 3 November 1966 Sara Rockwell. Ethics of Peer Review: A Guide for Manuscript Reviewers Elizabeth Heitman, Ruth E. Bulger. Assessing the educational literature in the responsible conduct of research for core content. Accountability in Research, 12:207224, DOI: 10.1080/08989620500217420
THANK YOU
6/21/2012
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