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Fourth Edition
Objectives
Describe PPP encapsulation Configure PPP encapsulation and its options Describe and enable PPP multilink Understand Frame Relay standards and equipment
Objectives (continued)
Describe the role of virtual circuits and performance parameters in Frame Relay Understand the Frame Relay topologies Understand the difference between multipoint and point-to-point configurations Configure and monitor Frame Relay
PPP
PPP
Internet standard protocol defined in RFCs 2153 and 1661 Provide point-to-point, router-to-router, host-to-router, and host-to-host connections Considered a peer technology based on its point-topoint physical configuration Commonly used over dial-up or leased lines to provide connections into IP networks
PPP (continued)
PPP can be used over several different physical interfaces, including the following:
Asynchronous serial ISDN synchronous serial High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
Frame Format
PPP is based on the High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol The difference between PPP frames and HDLC frames is that PPP frames contain protocol and Link Control Protocol (LCP) fields LCP
Described in RFCs 1548, 1570, 1661, 2153, and 2484 Describes PPP organization and methodology, including basic LCP extensions
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition 8
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The link establishment phase involves the configuration and testing of the data link The authentication process can use two authentication types with PPP connections: PAP and CHAP
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You must exit interface configuration mode and enter global configuration mode
Type username followed by the host name of the remote router Then type password followed by the password for that connection
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Virtual Circuits
You can use Frame Relay with nearly any serial interface
Operates by multiplexing
Frame Relay separates each data stream into logical (software-maintained) connections
Called virtual circuits Which carry the data transferred on the connection
DLCI
Frame relay connections identify virtual circuits by Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) numbers A DLCI number associates an IP address with a specific virtual circuit DLCI numbers have only local significance DLCI numbers are usually assigned by the Frame Relay provider
Most likely not the same on either side of the Frame Relay switch
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The Frame Relay map can be built automatically or statically depending on the Frame Relay topology
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For the purposes of routing, however, subinterfaces are treated as physical interfaces With subinterfaces, the cost of implementing multiple Frame Relay virtual circuits is reduced
Because only one port is required on the router
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LMI
LMI basically extended the functionality of Frame Relay by:
Making the DLCIs globally significant rather than locally significant Creating a signaling mechanism between the router and the Frame Relay switch, which could report on the status of the link Supporting multicasting
Providing DLCI numbers that are globally significant makes automatic configuration of the Frame Relay map possible
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition 30
LMI (continued)
LMI uses keepalive packets to verify the Frame Relay link and to ensure the flow of data Each virtual circuit, represented by its DLCI number, can have one of three connection states:
Active Inactive Deleted
The Frame Relay switch reports this status information to the Frame Relay map on the local router
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition 31
Inverse ARP
In multipoint configurations
Routers use the protocol Inverse ARP to send a query using the DLCI number to find a remote IP address
As other routers respond to the Inverse ARP queries, the local router can build its Frame Relay map automatically To maintain the Frame Relay map, routers exchange Inverse ARP messages every 60 seconds by default
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition 32
Encapsulation Types
LMI has several different protocol encapsulation types that it can use for management communications Cisco routers support these types of LMI encapsulation:
cisco ansi q933a
Cisco routers (using IOS Release 11.2 or later) can autosense the LMI type used by the Frame Relay switch
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The best solution is to configure separate point-topoint subinterfaces for each virtual connection
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Performance Parameters
Service contract specifies parameters by which the connection is expected to function:
Access rate Committed Information Rate (CIR) Committed Burst Size (CBS) Excess Burst Size (EBS) Oversubscription
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Congestion
Frame Relay switches attempt to control congestion on the network When the Frame Relay switch recognizes congestion
Sends a forward explicit congestion notification (FECN) message to the destination router
In addition, the switch sends a backward explicit congestion notification (BECN) message to the transmitting, or source, router
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Frame Format
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Non-Cisco Routers
Non-Cisco routers use a different Frame Relay encapsulation than Cisco routers If you are configuring Cisco routers to connect to other Cisco routers
They will automatically use the Cisco Frame Relay encapsulation
If you are connecting a Cisco router to a non-Cisco router, you must specify ietf Frame Relay encapsulation using the following command:
RouterA(config-if)#encapsulation framerelay ietf
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition 56
Keepalive Configuration
By default, keepalive packets are sent out every 10 seconds to the Frame Relay switch You can change the keepalive period by typing keepalive followed by the time in seconds
RouterA(config-if)#keepalive 15
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The most common show commands for monitoring Frame Relay operation are:
show show show show interface frame-relay pvc frame-relay map frame-relay lmi
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Summary
Many WAN connectivity options are available for modern networks, including digital lines, Frame Relay, and analog modems The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is the most widely used WAN protocol today PPP provides link establishment, quality determination, Network layer protocol encapsulation, and link termination services Frame relay is a flexible WAN technology that can be used to connect two geographically separate LANs
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Summary (continued)
Frame relay is both a service and type of encapsulation Service parameters for Frame Relay include the access rate, Committed Information Rate (CIR), Committed Burst Size (CBS), and Excess Burst Size (EBS) Frame relay connections employ virtual circuits that can be either permanent or switched Virtual circuit connections across Frame Relay connections are defined by Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) numbers
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Summary (continued)
Most Frame Relay providers support LMI, which allows Frame Relay maps to be dynamically created via Inverse ARP Static mappings of DLCI numbers to remote IP addresses can be configured when routers do not support Inverse ARP Inverse ARP is not enabled on point-to-point links because only one path is available Frame relay circuits can be established over serial interfaces or subinterfaces on Cisco routers
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