Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1-1
Chapter 1
MEEN 221-01
Sam Ibekwe, Ph.D., P.E.
355 Pinchback Engineering Building
Email: samuel_ibekwe.subr.edu
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Mathematical Modeling and
Engineering Problem solving
Chapter 1
Requires understanding of engineering systems
By observation and experiment
Theoretical analysis and generalization
Computers are great tools, however, without
fundamental understanding of engineering problems,
they will be useless.

1-2
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.1
The engineering
problem-solving
process.
1-3
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
A mathematical model is represented as a functional
relationship of the form

Dependent independent forcing
Variable = f variables, parameters, functions


Dependent variable: Characteristic that usually reflects the state
of the system
Independent variables: Dimensions such as time ans space
along which the systems behavior is being determined
Parameters: reflect the systems properties or composition
Forcing functions: external influences acting upon the system



1-4
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Newtons 2
nd
law of Motion
States that the time rate change of momentum of a body
is equal to the resulting force acting on it.
The model is formulated as
F = m a (1.2)
F = net force acting on the body (N)
m = mass of the object (kg)
a = its acceleration (m/s
2
)
1-5
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Formulation of Newtons 2
nd
law has several
characteristics that are typical of mathematical models
of the physical world:
It describes a natural process or system in
mathematical terms
It represents an idealization and simplification of
reality
Finally, it yields reproducible results, consequently,
can be used for predictive purposes.
1-6
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Some mathematical models of physical phenomena
may be much more complex.

Complex models may not be solved exactly or require
more sophisticated mathematical techniques than
simple algebra for their solution

Example, modeling of a falling parachutist:




1-7
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 1.02.
Schematic diagram of the forces
acting on a falling parachutist.
Upward and Downward Forces.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
m
cv mg
dt
dv
cv F
mg F
F F F
m
F
dt
dv
U
D
U D

=
=
=
+ =
=
1-9
Expression the acceleration as the time rate
of change of the velocity yield Eq. 1.4
The net force includes both downward and
upward forces.

F
D
= force due to gravity
F
U
= force due to air resistance
C = drag coefficient


Net Force is the difference between the
downward and upward force.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
This is a differential equation and is written in
terms of the differential rate of change dv/dt of
the variable that we are interested in predicting.
If the parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0),
using calculus
( )
t m c
e
c
gm
t v
) / (
1 ) (

=
1-10
v
m
c
g
dt
dv
=
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Parameters
Forcing function
Simplifying the equation-
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 1_03.jpg
Example 1.1
Figure 1.3
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 1_04.jpg
Example 1.1
Figure 1.4
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Example 1.2 Numerical Solution
Using equation Eq. 1.11 to yield to following:

1-13
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 i i i
i
i
t t t v
m
c
g t v t v
(

+ =
+ +
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 1_05.jpg
Example 1.1
Figure 1.5
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Section 1.2
Conservation Laws and Engineering
Conservation laws are the most important and
fundamental laws that are used in engineering.
Change = increases decreases (1.13)
Change implies changes with time (transient). If the
change is nonexistent (steady-state), Eq. 1.13 becomes
Increases =Decreases
1-15
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 1_06.jpg
Figure 1.6
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.







For steady-state incompressible fluid flow in pipes:
Flow in = Flow out
or
100 + 80 = 120 + Flow
4

Flow
4
= 60

1-17
Fig 1.6
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-18
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-19
Problems
1.4, 1.5, 1.7
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Problem 1.4
For a free falling parachutist with linear drag, assume a
first jumper is 70 kg and has a drag coefficient of
12kg/s and a mass of 75 kg, if the second jumper drag
coefficient of 15kg/s. how long will it take him to
reach the same velocity the first jumper reached in 10
seconds?
1-20
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-21
( )
t m c
e
c
gm
t v
) / (
1 ) (

=
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-22
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Problem 1.5
1-23
Compute the velocity of a free falling parachutist using
Eulers method for the case where m= 80 kg and c =
10kgs. Perform the calculation from t = 0 to 20s with a
step size of 1 second. Using an initial condition that
the parachutist has an upward velocity of 20 m/s at t =
0. At t=10 seconds, assume that the chute is
instantaneously deployed sot that the drag coefficient
jumps to 50 kg/s
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-24
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-25
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Problem 1.7
Storage tank contains a liquid at depth y where y = 0
when the tank is full.
Figure P1_07.jpg
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Table 1_01.jpg
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Problem 1.7 results

1-28
t
Y