CAMBRIDGE A LEVEL PHYSICS

DYNAMICS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
NUMBER
i ii iii iv v vi vii

LEARNING OUTCOME
U n d e r s t a n d N e w t o n s 1 st L a w o f M o t i o n What is linear momentum? U n d e r s t a n d a n d a p p l y N e w t o n s S e c o n d L a w t o s o l v e s i m p l e problems involving = Understand the relationship between linear momentum and force L e a r n N e w t o n s T h i r d L a w o f m o t i o n Relate mass and inertia State and apply principle of conservation of momentum

N E W TO N S 1 ST L AW O F MOTION
Definition: A b o d y a t r e s t w i l l c o n t i n u e to remain at rest, while a body in motion will continue its state of motion until the resultant external force on it is non - zero

N E W TO N S 1 ST L AW O F MOTION
Object s that are at rest or moving with a constant speed have = , i . e . resultant force = 0. When an additional external force is applied to this object, the motion of the object will be changed.

N E W TO N S 1 ST L AW O F MOTION
POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF A FORCE ON THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT Object starts to move from rest position

Speed changes (either increases or decreases)

Object stops moving Object changes direction of movement; i.e. direction of velocity changes (also possible without change in speed)

N E W TO N S 1 ST L AW O F MOTION
HOW IS NEWTONS 1ST LAW ASSOCIATED WITH MASS?

I.

Inertia is the reluctance of an object to change its state of motion.

II. Objects that have more mass have more inertia. Conversely, objects that have less mass have less inertia. III. More effort (force) is required to change the state of motion of an object with higher inertia. For example, less effort is required to push a book across the table than a car. Less effort is also required to steer a moving car than to steer a moving ship or lorry.

N E W TO N S 1 ST L AW O F MOTION

Examples taken from pages 53 54, Chapter5: Newtons Law of Motion of PHYSICS, 2nd edition, Robert Hutchings, Nelson, 2000 United Kingdom.

N E W TO N S 1 ST L AW O F MOTION

Examples taken from pages 53 54, Chapter5: Newtons Law of Motion of PHYSICS, 2nd edition, Robert Hutchings, Nelson, 2000 United Kingdom.

N E W TO N S 1 ST L AW O F MOTION

Examples taken from pages 53 54, Chapter5: Newtons Law of Motion of PHYSICS, 2nd edition, Robert Hutchings, Nelson, 2000 United Kingdom.

LINEAR MOMENTUM
LINEAR MOMENTUM
Definition Symbol Units Scalar or vector ? What does it measure? m ty (m 1 ) p or Vector. Can be negative or positive due to direction It measures the moving inertia of an object. The greater the momentum of an object, more effort is required to slow it down or stop it. Movement along one dimension.

What is meant by linear?

N E W TO N S 2 nd L AW O F MOTION

Or in simple words, the resultant external force acting on an object is equal to its mass acceleration.

N E W TO N S 2 nd L AW O F MOTION
POINTS TO NOTE
The external force vectors are added using vector addition, not algebraic addition. The resultant force vector replaces all other external force vectors (after they have been added) The direction of the resultant force is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE AND LINEAR MOMENTUM

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE AND LINEAR MOMENTUM

= = = =

What does the relationship mean? : A resultant external force must act on an object to change its momentum. The resultant external force can cause the momentum to either increase or decrease, depending on the direction of the resultant external force. When the momentum of an object changes during collisions, momentum transfer will occur.

EXAMPLES
1 , 2 and 3 are three forces as illustrated in Figure 9.7. They act on an object at A which remains at rest under the action of the three forces. In this problem leave your answers in surd form.

Question 25, Set 9: INTRODUCTION TO NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION, page 28; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
a) What is the resultant of the two f o r c e s 1 a n d 2 ? [ 2 0 0 2 N t o t h e right ] b) What is the magnitude of the f o r c e 1 ? [ 2 0 0 N ] c) What would be the resultant of t h e t h r e e f o r c e s i f 1 a n d 2 w e r e both trebled in size? In this case, in which direction would the object accelerate? [400 2 N to the right; acceleration to the right.]
Question 25, Set 9: INTRODUCTION TO NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION, page 28; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

N E W TO N S 3 RD L AW O F MOTION
Newtons 3rd Law of Motion is also known the action reaction law.

When one body, A, exerts a force on another body, B, the force exerted by A on B is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force that B exerts on A.

N E W TO N S 3 RD L AW O F MOTION
Applications: Collisions, contact forces, gravitational forces, tensile forces and resistive forces in springs. Note: The two forces that exist due to Newtons 3rd Law are often called force pairs. Important: These pair of forces DO NOT cancel each other out because they act on different bodies.

EXAMPLES

Example 4.25 CHAPTER 4 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION: , page 120, SEARS AND ZEMANSKYS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS, 13TH EDITION by YOUNG and FREEDMAN, ADDISON - WESLEY, 2012.

EXAMPLES

Conceptual example 4.9 CHAPTER 4 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION: , page 121, SEARS AND ZEMANSKYS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS, 13TH EDITION by YOUNG and FREEDMAN, ADDISON - WESLEY, 2012.

EXAMPLES

Conceptual example 4.11 CHAPTER 4 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION: , page 123, SEARS AND ZEMANSKYS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS, 13TH EDITION by YOUNG and FREEDMAN, ADDISON - WESLEY, 2012.

EXAMPLES

Conceptual example 4.10 CHAPTER 4 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION: , page 122, SEARS AND ZEMANSKYS UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS, 13TH EDITION by YOUNG and FREEDMAN, ADDISON - WESLEY, 2012.

A N O T H E R WAY T O L O O K AT MASS
The greater the mass of an object, the less tendency it has to change its state of motion. For example, if the = 12 on two masses, one of mass 4 kg, and the other 12 kg, the 12 kg mass would experience a lower acceleration as it has more inertia.

EXAMPLES
Two masses of 2 kg and 3 kg respectively rest on a smooth table and are connected by a taut string of negligible mass. A force of 20 N is applied to the 3 kg mass as shown in Figure 9.9. Calculate
Question 27, Set 9: INTRODUCTION TO NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION, page 28; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES

a) the tension in the string;[8 N] b) the acceleration of the system. [ 4 m s -2]

Question 27, Set 9: INTRODUCTION TO NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION, page 28; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
An engine provides a steady driving force of 2.56 104 N on a train with a total mass of 80 tonnes. The frictional resistance of the forward motion of the train is 20 N per tonne of mass of the train. Find:
a. the magnitude of the acceleration o f t h e t r a i n . [ 0 . 3 0 m s -2] b. The pull in the coupling to the g u a rd s va n w h i c h h a s a m a s s o f 1.0 tonne.[320 N]
Question 29, Set 9: INTRODUCTION TO NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION, page 28; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
A student of mass 75.0 kg investigates forces exerted on him in a lift by standing on a s e t o f b a t h r o o m s c a l e s . Ta k i n g = 1 0 1 , w h a t w o u l d t h e scales read,
a. if the lift is stationary?[750 N]
Question 8, Set 10: NEWTONS LAW AND GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS NEAR THE EARTHS SURFACE, page 29; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
b. if the supporting cable broke, and the lift fell freely?[0] c. if the lift is ascending or descending with uniform velocity?[750 N] d. If the lift has an upward a c c e l e r a t i o n o f 2 . 0 0 m s -2 ? [ 9 0 0 N] e. If the lift has an downward a c c e l e r a t i o n o f 2 . 0 0 m s -2 ? [ 6 0 0 N]
Question 8, Set 10: NEWTONS LAW AND GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS NEAR THE EARTHS SURFACE, page 29; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
Bodies of mass 500 g and 200 g respectively are connected together by a light string which passes over a frictionless p u l l e y, a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 0 . 1 . Find:

Question 14, Set 10: NEWTONS LAW AND GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS NEAR THE EARTHS SURFACE, page 30; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES

a. the magnitude of the acceleration of the bodies; b. the tensile force in the string
Question 14, Set 10: NEWTONS LAW AND GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS NEAR THE EARTHS SURFACE, page 30; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.

EXAMPLES
Three blocks are in contact with each other on a frictionless, horizontal surface as in Figure 5.36. A horizontal force F is a p p l i e d t o 1 . I f 1 = 2 , 2 = 3 , 3 = 4 , a n d = 1 8 ,

Question 69, CHAPTER 5: LAWS OF MOTION, page 124, PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WITH MODERN PHYSICS, 3RD EDITION by RAYMOND A. SERWAY, SAUNDERS COLLEGE PUBLISHING, 1996.

EXAMPLES
a. The acceleration of the blocks [ 2 m s 2 ] b. The resultant force on each b l o c k [ 1 = 4 N , 2 = 6 N , 3 = 8 N], c. The magnitude of the contact forces between the blocks. [ 2 o n 1 = 1 4 N , 3 o n 2 = 8 N]
Question 69, CHAPTER 5: LAWS OF MOTION, page 124, PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WITH MODERN PHYSICS, 3RD EDITION by RAYMOND A. SERWAY, SAUNDERS COLLEGE PUBLISHING, 1996.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2008, Paper 1, question 6.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 1, question 7.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2011, Paper 12, question 10.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2010, Paper 11, question 11.

HOMEWORK
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. May/Jun 2008, Paper 1, question 11. May/Jun 2008, Paper 2, question 3. Oct/Nov 2008, Paper 1, question 11. Oct/Nov 2008, Paper 1, question 12. Oct/Nov 2009, Paper 11, question 10. Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 22, question 1. May/Jun 2011, Paper 11, question 3. May/Jun 2011, Paper 23, question 3. Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 23, question 2.

C O N S E R VAT I O N O F L I N E A R MOMENTUM
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM Definition:

The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum before collision in a system of particles must be equal to the total momentum after collision provided that the net force acting on the system of particles is zero.
http://www.sparknotes.com/physics/linearmomentum/conservationofmomentum/section3.rhtml

Equation form :

+ = + ;
Where m represent masses, u represents velocities before collisions , and v represents velocities after collisions

Holds for both elastic and inelastic collisions

C O N S E R VAT I O N O F L I N E A R MOMENTUM
1 2 2 1 2 2

BEFORE COLLISION 1 1 + 2 ( 2 )

AFTER COLLISION 1 1 + 2 2

+ ( ) = + Note: 2 is taken as negative because vectors to the right are assigned as positive.

C O N S E R VAT I O N O F L I N E A R MOMENTUM
PERFECTLY ELASTIC COLLISIONS PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISIONS

momentum is conserved kinetic energy before collision = kinetic energy after collision

momentum is conserved kinetic energy before collision > kinetic energy after collision. Some loss in kinetic energy occurs during collision. KE loss will usually in the form of heat, sound, and energy that holds masses together, deformation of masses, etc.
masses attach and move together after collision in an perfectly inelastic collision

masses never attach during collision

C O N S E R V AT I O N O F L I N E A R MOMENTUM
SPECIAL EQUATION FOR PERFECTLY ELASTIC COLLISIONS
1 2 2 1 1 2 2

BEFORE COLLISION 1 + 2

AFTER COLLISION 1 2

*velocity of relative to before and after event; * = (MUST!)

+ = ( )

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2008, Paper 1, question 10.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 1, question 9.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 1, question 10.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 21, question 2.

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 21, question 2 (contd).

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 21, question 2 (contd).

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 21, question 2 (contd).

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 21, question 2 (contd).

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 21, question 2 (contd).

EXAMPLES
May/Jun 2009, Paper 21, question 2 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2009, Paper 21, question 3.

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2009, Paper 21, question 3 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2009, Paper 21, question 3 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2009, Paper 21, question 3 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2009, Paper 21, question 3 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 11, question 11.

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 11, question 12.

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 22, question 2.

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 22, question 2 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 22, question 2 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 22, question 2 (contd).

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 12, question 9.

EXAMPLES
Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 12, question 10.

HOMEWORK
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. May/Jun 2008, Paper 1, question 9. Oct/Nov 2008, Paper 1, question 10. May/Jun 2009, Paper 22, question 2. Oct/Nov 2009, Paper 11, question 8. Oct/Nov 2009, Paper 11, question 9. Oct/Nov 2009, Paper 22, question 3. May/Jun 2010, Paper 11, question 10. May/Jun 2010, Paper 11, question 12.

HOMEWORK
9. May/Jun 2010, Paper 22, question 3. 10.Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 12, question 7. 11.Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 12, question 9. 12.Oct/Nov 2010, Paper 21, question 3. 13.May/Jun 2011, Paper 11, question 9. 14.May/Jun 2011, Paper 11, question 10. 15.May/Jun 2011, Paper 12, question 9. 16.May/Jun 2011, Paper 12, question11.

HOMEWORK
17.May/Jun 2011, Paper 12, question 12. 18.May/Jun 2011, Paper 12, question 13. 19.Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 11, question 6. 20.Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 11, question10. 21. Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 11, question 11. 22.Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 11, question 12. 23.Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 12, question 11. 24.Oct/Nov 2011, Paper 21, question 3.