Irreversible Flow from Turbine Exit to Condenser

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
Irreversibilities due to Closed Cycle Policy ..
The Last Stage of LP Turbine
First Stage of A Turbine : Governing Stage
A governing stage is the first stage in a turbine with nozzle
steam distribution.
The principal design feature of a governing stage is that its
degree of partiality changes with variations of flow rate through
the turbine.
The nozzles of a governing stages are combined into groups,
each of them being supplied with steam from a separate
governing valve.
A governing stage is separated by a spacious chamber from the
subsequent non-controlled stages.
Governing stages may be of a single-row or two-row type.
Single row impulse governing stage is employed for an enthalpy
drop of 80-120 kJ/kg.
Two row governing stages are used when enthalpy drop is high,
100 250 kJ/kg.

Governing Stage
Selection of Enthalpy Drop & Type of Governing
stage
The enthalpy drop & type of governing stages are selected by
considering the probable effect of the governing stage on the
design and efficiency of the turbine.
Higher the number of governing stages, lower will be the
number of other stages.
A high enthalpy drop in governing stage ensures a lower
temperature of steam in its chamber and permits application of
less expensive materials.
In high capacity steam turbines, a single-row governing stages
are preferred, since the advantages of elevated enthalpy drop
are justified economically.
The efficiency of governing stages,

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in
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V u stage g
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in
in
V u stages g
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q
Steam Path in Non-Controlled Stages
Estimate approximate mass flow rate of steam by assuming an
overall turbine internal efficiency of 0.85.
Calculate flow through the condenser, using optimum of number
of FWHs. (Using Cycle Calculations).
Calculate Modified Efficiency of Low volume and intermediate
volume stages.
For a group of stages between two successive FWHs.
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Z
h
m
l
group
iso
steam
av
group
listages
, 1
2
sin
1
2000
600
1
5 . 0
925 . 0
o

q
group e group i av . .
=
Average density is calculated as
The efficiency of groups of very high volume stages:




While designing the steam path, it is essential to consider the
pressure losses in the following:
Pressure loss in reheater: 0.1 p
rh
.
Pressure loss in connecting pipes between turbine
cylinders:0.2p
pipe
.

group
iso
ev
group
iso
g e g i group
hv
h
h h
x x
A
A

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10000
400
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q
Internal Reheating due to Irreversibilities
3
4s
4
II
s

4
III
s

4
I
s

4
V
s

4
IV
s

4
I
a

4
II
a

4
III
a

4
IV
a

4
V
a

4
VI
s

4
VI
a

T
s
Governing group
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Macro available enthalpy:
Micro available enthalpy:
s
h h
4 3

( ) ( ) ( ) ...
4 4 4 4 4
3
+ + +
s a s a s
III II II I I
h h h h h h
Macro available enthalpy:
Micro available enthalpy:
s
h h
4 3

( ) ( )

=
+
+
N
I j
s a s
j j I
h h h h
1
4 4 4
3
Reheat Factor:
( )
( ) ( )

=
+
+

=
N
I j
s a s
s
h
j j I
h h h h
h h
R
1
4 4 4
3
4 3
Internal Reheating due to Irreversibilities : HP
3
4s
4
II
s

4
III
s

4
I
s

4
V
s

4
IV
s

4
I
a

4
II
a

4
III
a

4
IV
a

4
V
a

4
VI
s

4
VI
a

T
s
Governing stage
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
22.33 MPa,3379.0
15.74 MPa,3303.0 k J/kg

13.77 MPa, 3269.0 k J/kg
12.12 MPa, 3236.5.0 k J/kg
10.56 MPa, 3203.8 k J/kg
9.2 MPa, 3171.0 k J/kg
7.94 MPa, 3140.4 k J/kg
4
VII
a

6.9 MPa, 3104.9 k J/kg
4
VIII
a

5.17 MPa, 3036.7 k J/kg
4
IX
a

5.95 MPa, 3070.9 k J/kg

Pho=5 %

Pho=19.5%
Pho=21%
Pho=22%
Pho=23.5%
Pho=25%
Pho=30%
Pho=32%
Stage 6
Stage 7
Stage 8
Pho=35%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
H
P

1
(
1
s
t

S
t
.
)
H
P

4
H
P

7
H
P

1
0
H
P

1
3
H
P

1
6
I
P

1
I
P

4
I
P

7
I
P

1
0
I
P

1
3
L
P

2
L
P

5
Stages
L
o
s
s

(
k
J
/
k
g
)
Cumulative loss
Cumulative Losses for All Stages : 500 MW
Definition of Efficiency
Relative blade efficiency is calculated as:
Internal Relative Efficiency is calculated as:
drop Enthalpy Effective
loss Blade Moving & Nozzle - drop Entalpy Effective
=
rel
q
drop Enthalpy Effective
loss profile - loss leakage - losses Blade Moving & Nozzle - drop Entalpy Effective
int,
=
rel
q
Blade Efficiency & Internal Relative Efficiency: 800 MW
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

Stage No
Relative Blade efficiency
Relative internal efficiency

LP Cylinder
efficiency=78.0
LP Turbine Exhaust System
In a condensing steam turbine, the low-pressure exhaust hood,
consisting of a diffuser and a collector or volute!, connects the last
stage turbine and the condenser.
The function of the hood is to transfer the turbine leaving kinetic
energy to potential energy while guiding the flow from the turbine
exit plane to the condenser.
Most of exhaust hoods discharge towards the downward condenser.
Flow inside the hood therefore must turn about 90 deg from the
axial direction to the radial direction before exhausting into the
condenser.
The 90-deg turning results in vortical flow in the upper half part of
the collector and also high losses.
The exhaust hood is one of the few steam turbine components that
has the considerable aerodynamic losses.
It is a challenge for engineers to operate a hood with high pressure
recovery and low total pressure loss in a compact axial length.
Exhaust Hood
Exhaust Diffuser For L P Turbine
Steam Turbine Exhaust Size Selection
The steam leaving the last stage of a
condensing steam turbine can carry
considerably useful power to the
condenser as kinetic energy.
The turbine performance analysis needs to
identify an exhaust area for a particular
load that provides a balance between
exhaust loss and capital investment in
turbine equipment.

Path Lines in Exhaust Hood
Exhaust Losses
Exhaust losses are losses which occur between last
stage of turbine and condenser.
Exhaust losses made up of four components:
Actual leaving losses
Gross hood loss
Annulus restriction loss
Turn up loss

Residual velocity loss

Steam leaving the last stage of the turbine has certain velocity, which
represent the amount of kinetic energy that cannot be imparted to the
turbine shaft and thus it is wasted

Exhaust end loss

1. Exhaust end loss occur between the last stage of low pressure turbine
and condenser inlet.

2. Exhaust loss depends on the absolute steam velocity.

Turbine Exhaust end loss
= Expansion-line -end point - Used energy at end point.
Turn-up loss
Total Exhaust
Loss
Gross hood
loss
Actual leaving
loss
Annulus
restriction loss
Annulus Velocity (m/s)
E
x
h
a
u
s
t

L
o
s
s
,

k
J
/
k
g

o
f

d
r
y

f
l
o
w

0
120 150 180 240 300 360
10
20
30
40
50
Annulus velocity (m/s)
Condenser flow
rate
Annulus area
Percentage of Moisture at
the Expansion line end
point
Typical exhaust loss curve showing distribution of component loss
SP.Volume
( )
an
steam ex
an
A
x v m
V
3600
01 . 0 1
.

=

Optimal Design of Exhaust Hood
Performance Analysis of Power Plant
Condensers
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
A Device Which makes Power Plant A True Cycle..
A Device Which set the limit on minimum cycle
pressure..
T-S Diagram : Rankine Cycle with FWHs.
?
, , exit cond in cond
p p =
in CW
T
, out CW
T
,
? = TTD
exhaust turbine
p
,
hood
p A
A Device to Convert Dead Steam into Live Water
Water ready to take
Rebirth
Dead Steam
Steam Condenser
Steam condenser is a closed space into which steam exits the turbine and is forced
to give up its latent heat of vaporization.
It is a necessary component of a steam power plant because of two reasons.
It converts dead steam into live feed water.
It lowers the cost of supply of cleaning and treating of working fluid.
It is far easier to pump a liquid than a steam.
It increases the efficiency of the cycle by allowing the plant to operate on largest
possible temperature difference between source and sink.
The steams latent heat of condensation is passed to the water flowing through the
tubes of condenser.
After steam condenses, the saturated water continues to transfer heat to cooling
water as it falls to the bottom of the condenser called, hotwell.
The difference between saturation temperature corresponding to condenser
vaccum and temperature of condensate in hotwell is called condensate depression.
Two-Pass Surface Condenser
Layouts of A Condenser
Layouts of A Condenser
An Integral Steam Turbine and Condenser System