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Two Dimensional Echocardiography

Views and Measurements

Echocardiographic Examination

Echocardiographic Examination
The Windows (Transducer Location) 1.Parasternal 2.Apical

3.Subcostal
4.Suprasternal

Echocardiographic Examination

Echocardiographic Examination

Echocardiographic Examination

Echocardiographic Examination

Echocardiographic Examination

Echocardiographic Examination

Echocardiographic Examination

Echocardiographic Examination
Transducer motion

1.Translation (movement)

2.Tilting or pointing
3.Angulation 4.Rotation

Views

PLAX RVIT

Views

PSAX Aortic Valve PSAX Mitral Valve PSAX Papillary Muscle PSAX - Apex

Views

Apical 4-Chamber Apical 2-Chamber Apical 3-Chamber (Apical Long Axis) Apical 5 Chamber

Views

Subcostal 4 Chamber

Subcostal 5 Chamber
Subcostal Short Axis

Views

Suprasternal Long Axis Suprasternal Short Axis Right Parasternal View

Two Dimensional Evaluation


Wall

Thickness Systolic thickening Scarring Systolic motion

Two Dimensional Evaluation

Septum

Thickness Systolic thickening Scarring Systolic motion

Two Dimensional Evaluation

Chamber size

Ventricles Atria Aorta Pulmonary artery

Two Dimensional Evaluation

Valves

Thickening Calcification Motion

Two Dimensional Evaluation

Subvalvular apparatus

Chordae tendinaea Papillary muscle

Two Dimensional Evaluation

Masses

Thrombus Tumors Vegetations

Two Dimensional Evaluation


Pericardium

Thickening Effusion Pericardial Pleural

PLAX View

PLAX View

PLAX View

PLAX

2-D Measurement

Aortic diameter LVOT diameter LA dimension

2-D Measurement

RVWd

RVIDd

2-D Measurement

IVSd

IVSs

M-mode Measurement

LVIDd LVIDd index LVIDs LVIDs index

2-D Measurement

LVPWd LVPWs

Evaluation of LV Systolic Function

ESD = LVIDs EDD = LVIDd FS= LVIDd - LVIDs LVIDd

Evaluation of LV Systolic Function

EF = LVIDd3 LVIDs3 LVIDd3

RVIT

RVIT - Diameter

PSAX Aortic Valve

PSAX Diameter

PSAX Diameter

PSAX Mitral Valve

PSAX Papillary Muscle

Evaluation of LV Mass

This is done by tracing the epicardial to calculate the total ventricular volume and the endocardial border to calculate chamber volume. LV mass = 1.05 (total volume chamber volume)

Evaluation of LV Mass

Total volume= Total area x length Chamber volume = Chamber area x Length

Myocardial volume = Total volume Chamber volume


LV mass = Myocardial volume x density LV mass = Myocardial volume x 1.05

PSAX Epicardial Border Trace

PSAX Endocardial Border Trace

PSAX - Apex

Apical 4 Chamber

Apical-4 Chamber LV Length

Apical 4 Chamber
RA and LA Area

Simpsons Rule

For this method, endocardial borders are traced in apical four-chamber and two-chamber views and are used to define a series of orthogonal diameters (a and b) as follows: V = (p ) S ai bi x (L) 4 20 Using 20 disk for i = 1 to i = 20 This calculation is done by computer software.

Simpsons
Apical 4-Chamber Diastole

Simpsons
Apical 4-Chamber Diastole

Simpsons
Apical 4-Chamber Systole

Simpsons
Apical 4-Chamber Systole

Simpsons
Apical 2 Chamber Diastole

Simpsons
Apical 2-Chamber Diastole

Simpsons
Apical 2-Chamber Systole

Simpsons
Apical 2-Chamber Systole

Apical 5-Chamber

Apical Two Chamber

Apical Long Axis

Wall Segments
In the short axis view at the base (MV), the LV is divided into:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Anterior wall Lateral wall Posterior wall Inferior wall Interior septal wall Anterior septal wall

Wall Segments
In the short axis view at the mid-left ventricle (the papillary muscle level), the LV is divided into:
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6.

Anterior wall Lateral wall Posterior wall Inferior wall Interior septal wall Anterior septal wall

Wall Segments
In the short axis view at the apex the LV is divided into:
1. 2. 3.

Anterior wall Postero-lateral wall Inferior wall

Wall Segments

Wall Segments

Wall Segments

Wall Segments

Wall Segments

Wall Segments

Subcostal 4 Chamber

Subcostal 5-Chamber

PSAX - Apex

Subcostal Short Axis

Subcostal Short Axis

Subcostal Short Axis

Suprasternal Long Axis

Suprasternal Short Axis

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