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THE NATURE OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

Without a strategy, an organization is like a ship without a rudder, going around in circles. Its like a tramp ; its has no place to go

WHAT IS ?
Strategic management is the art and science of formulating, implementing and evaluating cross-functional decisions that will enable an organization to achieve its objectives. It is the process of specifying the organization's objectives, developing policies and plans to achieve these objectives, and allocating resources to implement the policies and plans to achieve the organization's objectives. Strategic management, therefore, combines the activities of the various functional areas of a business to achieve organizational objectives. It is the highest level of managerial activity, usually formulated by the Board of directors and performed by the organization's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and executive team. Strategic management provides overall direction to the enterprise and is closely related to the field of Organization Studies

DEFINING strategic management as the art and science of formulating, implementing, and evaluating crossfunctional decisions that enable an organization to achieve its objective (David p 5)

Pengambilan keputusan
Past experiences, judgment and feeling, intuition Qualitative and quantitative information

Long term objective


A specific results that an organization seeks to achieve in pursuing its basic mission More than one year Measurable, quantitative, challenging, realistic, consistent and prioritized

Annual objective
Short term milestones that organizations must achieve to reach long term objective Max one year Measurable, quantitative, challenging, realistic, consistent and prioritized

MANAGEMENT LEVELS

Strategic management is a combination of three main processes Strategy formulation


Performing a situation analysis, self-evaluation and competitor analysis: both internal and external; both micro-environmental and macroenvironmental. Concurrent with this assessment, objectives are set. This involves crafting vision statements (long term view of a possible future), mission statements (the role that the organization gives itself in society), overall corporate objectives (both financial and strategic), strategic business unit objectives (both financial and strategic), and tactical objectives. These objectives should, in the light of the situation analysis, suggest a strategic plan. The plan provides the details of how to achieve these objectives. This three-step strategy formulation process is sometimes referred to as determining where you are now, determining where you want to go, and then determining how to get there. These three questions are the essence of strategic planning. SWOT Analysis: I/O Economics for the external factors and RBV for the internal factors.

Strategic management is a combination of three main processes Strategy implementation


Allocation of sufficient resources (financial, personnel, time, technology support) Establishing a chain of command or some alternative structure (such as cross functional teams) Assigning responsibility of specific tasks or processes to specific individuals or groups It also involves managing the process. This includes monitoring results, comparing to benchmarks and best practices, evaluating the efficacy and efficiency of the process, controlling for variances, and making adjustments to the process as necessary. When implementing specific programs, this involves acquiring the requisite resources, developing the process, training, process testing, documentation, and integration with (and/or conversion from) legacy processes. Strategy evaluation Measuring the effectiveness of the organizational strategy.It's extremely important to undergo SWOT to figure out the Strength,weaknesses,opportunities and threat of both internal and external to the entity in question.

Definitions of strategy

HARLEY DAVIDSON OWNER CLUB


Our competitors try to imitate our motorcycles but they cant copy the intangibles that making owning a harley davidson a life-fulfilling experience. We determine whats original and authentic. Theyre duplicating hardware but they can only copy where weve been. They have no idea where were going

FEEDBACK
PERFORM EXTERNAL AUDIT

DEVELOP MISSION STATEMENT

ESTABLISH LONG TERM OBJECTIVE

GENERATE, EVALUATE, AND SELECT STRATEGIES

ESTABLISH POLICIES AND ANNUAL OBJECTIVE

ALLOCATE RESOURCES

MEASURE AND EVALUATE


PREFORMANCE

PERFORM INTERNAL AUDIT

STRATEGY FORMULATION

STRATEGY IMPELEMENTATION

STRATEGY EVALUATION

A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIC - MANAGEMENT MODEL Sumber : Fred R David. 1998. Strategic Management Concepts & Cases. Seventh Editon hal 14

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