S BDC

Basic Data Communications (S-BDC)
June 2001
BDC Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium
BDC 1
S-BDC
Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium All rights reserved. This module, comprising presentation slides with notes, exercises, projects and Instructor Guide, may not be duplicated in any way without the express written permission of the Global Wireless Education Consortium. The information contained herein is for the personal use of the reader and may not be incorporated in any commercial training materials or for-profit education programs, books, databases, or any kind of software without the written permission of the Global Wireless Education Consortium. Making copies of this module, or any portion, for any purpose other than your own, is a violation of United States copyright laws.
Trademarked names appear throughout this module. All trademarked names have been used with the permission of their owners.
June 2001
Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium
BDC 2
S-BDC
Partial support for this curriculum material was provided by the National Science Foundation's Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement Program under grant DUE-9972380 and Advanced Technological Education Program under grant DUE-9950039. GWEC EDUCATION PARTNERS: This material is subject to the legal License Agreement signed by your institution. Please refer to this License Agreement for restrictions of use.
June 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium BDC 3
Table of Contents
Overview Circuit Switching Packet Switching Open Systems Interconnection Models Contributors 5 7 12 23 42
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BDC 4
Overview
This module will address the following topics: Circuit switching versus packet switching in the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Explanation of the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) models.
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BDC 5
Learning Objectives
After completing this module and all its activities, you will be able to:
Give examples of the differences between circuit switching and packet switching. Distinguish between the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Categorize layers one and two of the OSI model.
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Circuit Switching
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BDC 7
Circuit Switching
M D F
Twisted Pair
Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

Generic Circuit Switched Network

C
A B
3 6
D E
4 5
Permanently Dedicated Dedicated During Entire Session

Node User

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BDC 9
Direct Progressive Control Switching

Common Control Switching

System Controller (Control Processor)

Packet Switching
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Packet Switching
Circuit Switched Network C Packet Switched Network C
A B
1 4
3 6
D E
A B
1 4
3 6
D E F
5 F
Dedicated During Entire Session Permanently Dedicated

June 2001 Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium
PAD User Node
BDC 13
Packet Switching, cont.

A B
1 4
3 6
D E
A B
1 4
3 6
D E F
5 F

PAD User Node
BDC 14
Packet Efficiency
A B
1 4
3 6
D E
A B
1 4
3 6
D E F
5 F

PAD User Node
BDC 15
Packet Switched Data

PSTN
DIAL-UP Ethernet LAN
Interconnect Gateway
ROUTER DATA Network

802.5 Token Ring

Packet Format
Header
Information
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BDC 17
Protocol Data Unit
Header
User Data
Trailer
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BDC 18
Protocol Data Units

Types of Protocol Data Unit Being Sent Through a Packet Switched Network
Packet Format
Header
Information
Message Format
Flag
Layer 2 Info
Layer 3-5 Info
Layer 2 Info
Flag
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BDC 19
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
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BDC 20
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

To Interexchange Carrier (Long Distance) Network AT AT
TD
EO
EO: End Office - Connection to End User TD: Tandem Office AT: Access Tandem

CCS Network Links Where Packets Control Circuits

CCS Network
SCP
A
STP
B B C B
STP
SCP
D C A
STP
To Another CCS Network
A
SCP
SCP
STP
A E
STP
A
STP
Co-located Switch and STP/SCP
Public Switched Telephone Network

Open Systems Interface (OSI) Model
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Relating Architectures, Reference Models, & Standards

Architecture Toolboxes
HIERARCHICAL LAYERED
Reference Model Specifications
How to Build a Tool Box: OSI
Protocol Standards Tools

OPEN SYSTEMS INTERFACE (OSI) MODEL

Network Node 7 6 5 4 3
Application
Presentation Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Data Link Network Data Link Physical
6 5
4 3 2 1
BDC 25
Session
Transport Network Data Link Physical
2
1
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Wireless OSI Model

Network Node 7 6 5 4 3
Application
Presentation
MESSAGES USE BOTTOM 3 LAYERS
Application Presentation Session Transport
6 5
4 3 2 1
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Session
Network Data Link Data Link
Network Data Link Physical
2
1
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A Set of Rules
The OSI Model 7 6 5 4 3 2
Application Presentation Session
Transport
Network Datalink Header User Info
Physical

The Layer Concept

(N+1) Layer (N+1) Entity (N) Service Access Point
Interface
(N) Layer
(N) Entity
Protocol
P r i m a t i v e s
Services (N-1) Service Access Point Interface
(N-1) Layer

Layer Details Layer 1

Application Presentation
Session
June 2001
Transmits bits received from the Data Link layer across the transmission medium
Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium BDC 29

Session
June 2001
Sequences messages and checks for errors between adjacent link stations Transmits bits received from the Data Link layer across the transmission medium

Session
June 2001
Fragments or packetizes messages, and routes them to the proper destination Sequences messages and checks for errors between adjacent link stations Transmits bits received from the Data Link layer across the transmission medium

Session
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Provides multiplexing, network connection management, quality of service, etc. Fragments or packetizes messages, and routes them to the proper destination Sequences messages and checks for errors between adjacent link stations Transmits bits received from the Data Link layer across the transmission medium

Session
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Sets up and manages connections between end-application processes Provides multiplexing, network connection management, quality of service, etc. Fragments or packetizes messages, and routes them to the proper destination Sequences messages and checks for errors between adjacent link stations Transmits bits received from the Data Link layer across the transmission medium

Interprets and formats data, including compression, encryption, etc. Sets up and manages connections between end-application processes Provides multiplexing, network connection management, quality of service, etc. Fragments or packetizes messages, and routes them to the proper destination Sequences messages and checks for errors between adjacent link stations Transmits bits received from the Data Link layer across the transmission medium
Session
June 2001

Selects the appropriate service for a user application Interprets and formats data, including compression, encryption, etc. Sets up and manages connections between end-application processes Provides multiplexing, network connection management, quality of service, etc. Fragments or packetizes messages, and routes them to the proper destination Sequences messages and checks for errors between adjacent link stations Transmits bits received from the Data Link layer across the transmission medium
Session
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TCP/IP: The Internet Protocol
Session
TCP
Transport Network
IP
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BDC 36
Hierarchical Architecture
OSI
DOD
FTP; SMTP TELNET
Session
TCP*
Transport
Network Data Link
Note: Texts vary in their discussion of whether TCP functions match OSI level 4 only, or both levels 4 and 5. Most current texts treat TCP as a transport protocol and therefore match it to level 4 only.
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IP
Physical
TCP/IP OSI Overlay

Process/ Application
Host to Host
Internet
Session Transport
Network Data Link Physical
Network Access
The Internet
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BDC 39
Protocol Standards
Some key protocol standards against the layers of the OSI reference model.
OSI PROTOCOL STANDARDS WITHIN THE LAYERS
X.400 MHS, X.229 ROSE, X.228 RTSE, X.227 ACSE, CASE,FTAM,JTM, CCR X.208,X.209,X.226 CCITT 8824,8825,9576
7 6 5 4
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
X.225,CCITT 8327,8824, 9548, 8825,9576

X.224, CCITT 8602,10025 X.25, X.75, CCITT 8208, 4731,9068, 8473,8648, 10028,8881,8882,9577 IEEE 802.X, LAPD, LAPB, CCITT 3309,4335,7776, 7809, 8471, 8802, 8885 Many
3
2 1

June 2001
The nice thing about standards is that there are so many to choose from! -- quote from frustrated design Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium engineer
BDC 40
A Layered Approach
Layer 3
Layer 2 Layer 1
TCP/IP
Point to Point Protocol(PPP), Frame Relay, ATM
Digital Subscriber Lines, T1/E1, SONET/SDH, POTS, ISDN
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Industry Contributors
The following companies provided materials and resource support for this module:
Ericsson (http://www.ericsson.com) KnowledgeLink, Inc. Lucent Technologies (http://www.lucent.com) Telcordia Technologies, Inc. (http://www.telcordia.com) Verizon Wireless (http://www.verizonwireless.com)
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Individual Contributors
The following individuals and their industry or educational institutions provided materials, resources, and development input for this module: Mr. Ron Koziel
KnowledgeLink
June 2001
BDC 43

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Basic Data Communications (S-BDC)

BDC Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

BDC Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

Generic Circuit Switched Network

Permanently Dedicated Dedicated During Entire Session

Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

Direct Progressive Control Switching

Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

Common Control Switching

Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

BDC Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Dedicated During Entire Session Permanently Dedicated

PAD User Node

Packet Switching, cont.

Dedicated During Entire Session Permanently Dedicated

PAD User Node

Dedicated During Entire Session Permanently Dedicated

PAD User Node

Packet Switched Data

DIAL-UP Ethernet LAN

ROUTER DATA Network

Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Protocol Data Unit

Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Protocol Data Units

Layer 3-5 Info

Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

BDC Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

CCS Network Links Where Packets Control Circuits

To Another CCS Network

Co-located Switch and STP/SCP

Public Switched Telephone Network

Open Systems Interface (OSI) Model

BDC Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium

Relating Architectures, Reference Models, & Standards

Reference Model Specifications

How to Build a Tool Box: OSI

Protocol Standards Tools

Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

OPEN SYSTEMS INTERFACE (OSI) MODEL

Wireless OSI Model

MESSAGES USE BOTTOM 3 LAYERS

Application Presentation Session Transport

Network Data Link Data Link

Network Data Link Physical

Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

The Layer Concept

Services (N-1) Service Access Point Interface

Graphic courtesy of KnowledgeLink, Inc.

Layer Details Layer 1

Layer Details Layer 2

Layer Details Layer 3

Layer Details Layer 4

Layer Details Layer 5

Layer Details Layer 6