Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Oxide Composition
CaO: 60 67%
SiO2: 17 25% Al2O3: 3 8% Fe2O3: 0.5 6% MgO: 0.5 4% SO3: 2.0 3.5% Loss of ignition - 2 %
Compound Composition
C3S: 45 60% C2S: 15 30% C3A: 6 12% C4AF: 6 8%
Types of cements
Cements are classified based on: Chemical Composition Physical properties Additives to the cement powder Special purpose ASTM Classification (ASTM C150) Type I: General purpose (Type IA for air entrained cement) Type II: Moderately sulphate resistant, and moderate heat of hydration (Type IIA for air entrained cement) Type III: High early strength Type IV: Low heat of hydration 2 Type V: Sulphate resistant
Compound composition
ASTM Type I II III C3S (%) 45-55 40-50 50-65 C2S (%) 20-30 25-35 15-25 C3A (%) 8-12 5-7 8-14 C4AF (%) 6-10 10-15 6-10
IV V
25-35 40-50
40-50 25-35
5-7 0-4
10-15 10-20
In general, in relation to Type I cement, Type II has marginally lower C3S and C3A Type III has marginally higher C3S, and a higher fineness Type IV has lower C3S (lower than Type II) and C3A Type V has lower C3A (lower than Type IV) ASTM C 595 also classifies two blended cements Portland Slag Cement (Type IS) consists of 25 70% slag by mass Portland Pozzolana Cement (Type IP) consists of 15 40% fly ash
BIS Classification
BIS classifies cements into the following major categories: Ordinary Portland Cement 33 grade IS:269 (1989) 43 grade IS:8112 (1989) 53 grade IS:12269 (2004) Portland Cement, Low Heat IS:12600-1989 Rapid Hardening Portland Cement IS:8041-1978 Portland-Pozzolana Cement (PPC) IS:1489-1976 Portland-Slag Cement (PSC) IS 455-1976 Sulphate Resisting Cement IS 12330 OPC vs. PPC 1. Availability 2. Strength and durability of concrete
4
Reduced C3A and fineness, and sometimes retarders are used for setting and accelerators for strength gain
Masonry cements (IS 3466) Mixture of OPC clinker, gypsum, and limestone powder, along with an air-entraining plasticizer. Provide better applicability to masonry mortar. 6
Supersulphated cements (IS 6909, BS 4248:1974) Based on blast furnace slag (80%), with a high amount of gypsum (15%), along with a little PC clinker or lime as activators. Fineness 400 500 m2/kg highly resistant to sulphate and marine environments Slow hydration leads to very little heat (200 J/g). Calcium aluminate cements (High Alumina Cement) Prepared using limestone and bauxite as raw materials Resultant cement has CA as its main ingredient highly resistant to acidic and sulphate environment Major problem - loss of strength with age CA cement is used in refractory linings for furnaces 7
Slightly longer mixing time for making concrete with Hydrophobic Cement
8
Phase systems
A molten mixture of the calcined feedstock can crystallize into various different compositions upon reaching equilibrium in the cooling process. Based upon the starting composition of the raw materials, the final phase assemblage that forms will depend on the numerous phase diagrams that exist within the CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 system. These include binary, ternary, and quaternary phase diagrams, depending on whether the system has two, three, or four components.
9
C-S-A system
11
http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~paulmont/165/expansive_cements.pdf
12
Al2O3
Fe2O3 MgO SO3 LOI
3
5 1 2.2 0.60
C3A
C4AF + 2C3A
1
16
IR
0.30
14