Proses of Meiosis

Meiosis involves two nuclei divisions: a) meiosis 1 (The first meiotic division) b) meiosis 2 (The second meiotic division) Each meiosis division consists of four phases. Meiosis I Prophase I metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

During meiois I, the homologous chromosomes are separated into two haploid daughter cells. Meiosis I also reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid In meoisis II, the sister chromatids of each daughter cell are separated. Meiosis II, is essentially the same as mitosis in a haploid cell. Eeach haploid cell divodes by mitosis to form four haploid daughter cells

a) b) c)

In prepation for meiosis, all the chromosomes are replicated during interphase, producing sisiter chromatids joined at the centromere. The chromosomes do not replicate again between meiosis I and meiosis II. During interphase Chromosomes are not visible and appear as thread-like structures called choromatin. Each chromosome replicates to form two sister chromatids joined togethere at the centromere. The centriole aslo replicates

-interphase

Meiosis I
Prophase I (early) a) Centrioles move to opposites poles. b) Chromosomes thicken and condense. c) Each choromosome becomes visible and consists of two sister chromatids attached together at the a) Homologous chromosomes pair together in the process called synapsis. b) Each paired homologous chromosomes is called a bivalent which consists of four chromatids. c) In each pair of homologous chromosomes, one chromosomes is the maternal chromosome and the other is the paternal chromosome. d) The choromatids of homologous chromosomes criss_cross along their length. These crossing are called chiasmata e) At the chiasma, there is exchange of genetic material between the two non-sister chromatids through the process of crossing over. Crossing over result in new combinations of genetic variation. f) The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate. g) Spindle fibres are formed.

Prophase I (late)

Metaphase I

a) Paired homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell. b) One chromosome of each pair faces each pole of the cell. c) The chromatids of each chromosome are attached to the spindle fibres at their centromeres. a)The paired homologous chromosomes separate from one another and move to opposites poles of the cell. b)The spindle fibres pulled one chromosome of each homologous pair to each pole. c) Each chromosome moves with its pole and the two sister chromatids trailing behind.

Anaphase I

Telophase I

a) The chromosomes from each paired homologous chromosomes reach the poles of the cell. b) Each pole has a haploid chromosome set. c) The spindle fibres disappear. d) Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reform. e) Cytokinesis occurs. The plasma membrane contricts at the equator of the cell to form two haploid daughter cells. d) There is little or no interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II and no replication of chromosomes

cytokinesis.

Meiosis II
a) Centrioles duplicates and moves to opposite pole.

b) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids attached together by centromere. Prophase II c) Nuclear membranes and nucleoli disintegrate. d) Spindle fibres form again.

Metaphase II a)chromosomes line up at the equator with sister chromatids facing opposite poles.

a) The centromeres holding the sister chromatids Anaphase II together split. b) chromatids separate. c) spindle fibres pull each chromatid to opposites poles.

a) chromatid reach the poles and become new

chromosomes. Telophase II b) nuclear membrane and nucleolus form againt each cluster of chromosomes. c)chromosomes become extended and not visible. d) cytokinesis occurs and four haploid daughter cells are formed.

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