CHAPTER 2-THE STUDY OF POPULATION

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This chapter will address the following questions:

1. 2. 3. 4. Where are people found across earth? Where are the places where population is growing? Why is population growing at different rates? Why are these differences important?

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THE PROBLEM:
The number of people and the availability of resources. This is an issue for some regions over others. There are those that argue that the world is not overpopulated. They argue that the problem is poverty= the unequal distribution of wealth- have vs. have nots

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GENERAL POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS

6 billion people in the world and growing. Second half of 20th century, population increased at a faster rate than ever before. Almost all the population growth is in less developed countries.

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DEMOGRAPHY
The scientific study of pop.

CHARACTERISTICS
How people are distributed by age, gender, occupation, fertility, health, etc.

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Question:- 1
Where is the worlds population distributed?
Concentration and Density, clustered vs. sparse: About of worlds population live on only 5% of the earths surface. Population is mainly clustered in 5 particular regions. Most people in these regions live near an ocean or river with easy access to an ocean. Mainly low lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climate. All located in northern hemisphere b/t 10 and 55 degrees north lat. Except Southeast Asia/

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Rapid Growth - Philippines

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Slow Growth United States

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United States: 1950 - 2050

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Germany Negative Growth

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Malthusian Boserupian Cornucopian 9/5/2013

Pessimistic Realistic Optomistic

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East Asia ( largest cluster )

of the worlds population East Asia includes China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, and Taiwan 1. 5/6 are in China ( 1.2 billion ), near pacific coast or along Huang and Yangtze rivers. Mostly rural of pop. Urban in Japan and South Korea

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South Asia ( 2nd largest cluster )

Includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. India has of South Asias population ( 1 billion ), along Indus and Ganges Rivers Most are rural farmers Only live in urban areas

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Southeast Asia ( 3rd largest cluster )

billion people Mostly concentrated on island of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papa New Guinea, and the Phillipines Ava more than 100 million people mostly rural

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Europe ( 3rd largest cluster )

includes western Europe, Eastern Europe, and the European part of Russia 1/8 of worlds population ( 750 million ) urban

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Eastern North America ( 5th largest cluster )

Pop. Concentrated in northern US and southeastern Canada This region experiencing heavy pop. Shift to south and west pop. Urban, less than 5% farmers

ECUMENE
The portion of the earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement, which has increased over time.

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SPARSELY POPULATED AREAS

1. Dry Lands ( areas to dry for farming )
Cover 20% of earths surface Between 15 degrees-50 degrees north latitude, 20 degrees-50 degrees south latitude Saharan desert and Australian desert Irrigation is necessary for farming Large oil reserves

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Wet Lands ( near equator, 20 degrees north and south latitudes ) Interior of South America, Central America, Southeast Asia ( 50-90 inches per year ) Rain and heat depletes nutrients from soil hindering agriculture. Cold Lands- ( North and South Poles ) Permafrost, ice packs covering the ground permanently. Extreme colds

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Highlands ( high elevation ) Highest mountains are snow covered and steep, sparsely settled. Except Mexico City, 7,360 feet Also the Andean highlands which has large pop. Clusters along the South American rim. Terrace farming in lower elevations

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Question:-2
Where has the Worlds Population Increased?
Population increases when there is more births than deaths. Population decreases when deaths exceed births or due to migration.

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Total Population = OP + B D + I E
OP Original Population

B
D

Births
Deaths

I E

Immigrants Emigrants

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TFR Total Fertility Rate

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Population change is measured in three ways:

1. Crude Birth Rate ( CBR ) 2. Crude Death Rate ( CDR ) 3. Natural Increase Rate ( NIR )

Crude Birth Rate ( CBR )Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society.

Crude Death Rate ( CDR )The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society.

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Natural Increase Rate ( NIR )The % by which a population grows in a year, excluding igration. NIR= CBR-CDR

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Natural Increase = CBR - CDR

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21ST Century, NIR IS 1.4 1960=2.2, declined in the 1990s Small changes in NIR dramatically effect the population size. With a NIR of 1.4, and 6 billion, it will take 51 years to double. Doubling Time- the number of years needed for population to double

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Doubling Time = 70 / Rate of Increase

Rate of Increase (%) 0.50 0.60 1.00 2.00 3.50 Doubling Time (yrs.) 140 120 70 35 20 Example (1998) Ireland United States China Costa Rica Yemen

2000 yrs. ago 250 million: doubling time 16 centuries (1650) 1650 500 million: doubling time 170 yrs. (1820) 2000 doubling time reduced to 35 yrs. (>6 billion currently)

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Almost 100% of ( NIR ) are clustered in less developed countries.

Asia, Africa, and Latin America have an ( NIR ) 2.0 OR HIGHER. Europe has a negative ( NIR ), but makes up for population with immigration.

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The Demographic Transition (Cycle)

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Question:-3 Why is population increasing at different rates?

Demographic Transition- the process of change in a societies population. There are local variations, and it diffuses to individual countries at different rates. There are four stages of Demographic Transition. There were wide fluctuations due to famine, wars, disease, and natural disasters. Agricultural Revolution- the domestication of plants and animals, provided more stable food sources. NO PLACE IN THE WORLD STILL IN STAGE 1.

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Stage 1: Low Growth ( first several hundred thousand years on earth )

Crude Birth Rates and Death Rates varied considerably, but over long term they were comparable. Hunting and gathering societies. NIR- was little to no growth Between 8000BC and 1750 AD, from 5 million to 800 million.

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Stage 2
Stage 2: High Growth ( 1750 10xs faster growth )
CDR plummets, NIR goes up. In Europe and North America, Stage 2 caused by the Industrial Revolution. ( began in England ) Technology, mass production and increase in wealth allowed societies to improve sanitation, health care, agricultural production, public works, sewer systems. 1950s Latin America, Asia, and Africa reach stage 2 due to medical revolution.( penicillin, vaccines )

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Stage 3
Stage 3: Moderate Growth
Crude Birth Rate drops dramatically, but population still grows. NIR is more modest Europe and North America reached Stage 3 in early 20th Century Most of Asia and Latin America in stage 3 Most of Africa in Stage 2 - The changes in social customs account for the drop in the CBR. People decide to have fewer children. Children in urban areas are no longer assets.

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Stage 4
Stage 4: Low Growth
NIR approaches zero, where the CBR=CDR Zero population growth= total fertility rate that results in a lack of change in the total population over a long term. The CBR can be somewhat higher than the CDR due to the death of females that die during or before childbirth. TFR of 2.1 equals a zero population growth. Europe=TFR less than 2.1 USA still in stage 3 due to ethnic diversity, and high birth rates. Social customs account much for Stage 4. Women in the workforce, more educated about reproductive rights, changes in lifestyles, birth control/ contraceptives.
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Stage 1 and 4 are similar, with no Natural Increase, but Stage 1 has high death and high birth rates Stage 4 has low death and low birth rates and a larger population.

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Demographic Transition (Cycle)

Stage 1:

Stage 2:
Stage 3:

Stage 4:

High Stationary - high fertility & mortality (little long term growth) Early Expanding high fertility, declining mortality (increasing growth) Late Expanding declining fertility & mortality (continuing growth) Low Stationary low fertility & mortality (low to stagnant growth)

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Question:-4
Why is the study of population growth important? Thomas Malthus- wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population.
Said that the population was growing faster than the earths food supply. Population increase geometrically while food increases arithmetically.

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 Malthus believed societies must use moral restraint unless disease, famine, or natural disasters keep birth rates low. Neo-Malthusians- violence will result due to the scarcity of food and lack of other resources.

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MALTHUSS CRITICS
Boserup- said that with more people, there is more production
and more ideas. Resources are not fixed, but are expanding. Food production has increased at a faster rate than Malthus predicted. There are better growing techniques and higher yielding seeds. Boserup believed problem must be solved by international agencies that work to redistribute wealth and relief ( UN ). Also showed that population has not increase as fast as Malthus said it would\

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Cornucopian Approach- emphasis on science and technology to solve population problems. Genetic engineering Farming of oceans Technology will educate populations and inevitably lead to population decrease

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POPULATION PYRAMIDS
What they show :
Displayed by age and gender Shows the percentage of the population in each age group and the distribution of male and females The length of the bar represents the percentage of the population contained in that age group.

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POPULATION PYRAMIDS
The shape is determined by Crude Birth Rates. Stage 2 has a broad base with dependants Stage 4 has a rectangular or column like shape with 1/3 dependants.

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