Periodic Table

Inside the Periodic Table

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History of Periodic Table

Came from the ideas of many scientists in the 18th and 19th centuries Observations grouping of properties predictions (hypothesis) of further experiments theories First introduced by Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleev in 1869
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Mendeleevs Periodic Table

Realized that if elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass certain properties were repeated Arranged the elements in horizontal rows in order of increasing atomic number Each time an element had similar properties to one before it, he started a new row under that preceding element

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Mendeleevs Periodic Table

Noticed to leave empty spaces to retain an order of arrangement of similar properties Realized that there were holes to be filled by undiscovered elements Law of chemical periodicity : properties of the elements are periodic functions
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H R2O Li 7 Na 23 RO Be 9.4 Mg 24 R2O3 RO2 B 11 Al 27.3 C 12 Si 28 R2O5 N 14 P 31 R2O6 R2O7 O 16 S 32 F 19 Cl 35.5

K
39 Cu

Ca
40 Zn

-44 --

Ti
48 --

V
51 As

Cr
52 Se

Mn
55 Br

Fe56,Co59
Ni 59,Cu63

63
Rb 85

65
Sr 87

68
Yt 88

72
Zr 90

75
Nb 94

78
Mo 96

80
-100 Ru104,Rh104 Pd105,Ag108

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Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

108
Cs 133 --

112
Ba 137 --

113
?Di 138 --

118
?Ce 140 --

122
---

127
--

--

--

--

--

--

--

?Er
178

?La
180 Pb

Ta
182 Bi

W
184 --

--

Au

Hg

Tl

Os195,Ir197

199
--

200
--

204
--

207
Th 231

208
-U 240 --

Pt198,Au199

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Periodic Table
Mosley noticed with electrons in a cathode ray tube that they emitted x-rays indicative of their atomic number Realized that the atomic properties are related to atomic number and not atomic mass as Mendeleev thought
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Periodic Table
Elements are arranged so that similar properties are in groups (vertical columns) Main group elements A group Transition elements B groups Periods horizontal rows (number from 1 starting H and He)
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Periodic Table
Divided into regions : metals, nonmetals, and metalloids Metals malleable, ductile, conduct electricity Nonmetals do not conduct electricity Metalloids some properties of metals and nonmetals (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te)
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Group 1A
All called the alkali metals All are metals (except H) Form similar compounds with oxygen in the form of A2O Solids at room temp, very reactive with water

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Group IIA
Called alkaline earth elements Composed of all metals Calcium very important element for our bones

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Transition Elements
All metals Have commercial uses Some are very well known and are expensive Gold, platinum, silver

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Lanthanides and Actinides

Two last rows of periodic table Some are radioactive

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Group 3A
Aluminum (Al) has many uses All are metals except boron which is a metalloid Boron is found as borax which is in many cleaning products

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Group 4A
Nonmetal Carbon (C) Metalloids silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) Metals tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) By far C is the most important element in this Group

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Carbon
Allotropes element can exist in several different and very distinct forms Graphite and diamonds

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Group 5A and 6A
Most important elements are nitrogen (N) in 5A and oxygen (O) in 6A Sulfur has been known since ancient times as burning stone

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Group 7A
Referred to as Halogens F, Cl, Br, I exist as diatomic molecules (i.e. F2, Cl2, etc)

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Group 8A
Noble gases it was originally believed that none of these gases would react with other elements Sometimes called inert gases or rare gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe

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