ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS (Module 1)

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BEE 3243
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
(Module 1)

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems Module 1
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Objectives

(1) To understand the electric power systems
(2) To have knowledge on the main components of
an electric power systems
(3) To learn the basic knowledge of power flow
(4) To conduct fault analysis in power systems
(5) To get approach on power systems protection schemes
Lecture Plan
3
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, student should have the ability to:
(1) describe the structure and the main energy sources for
an electric power systems
(2) explain the basic components which are consist in an
electric power systems
(3) determine various types of generating system such as
thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable energy station

Cont
Lecture Plan
4
Learning Outcomes

(4) analyse the short, medium, and long transmission lines
(5) perform and study of simple power flow program
(6) describe the important elements in a distribution
system and its protection schemes
(7) analyse the possible fault in an electric power systems
(8) design various protection schemes for electric power
systems
Lecture Plan
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Syllabus

Module 1 Introduction to Power System (1-2)
Module 2 Components of an Electric Power System (3-4)
Module 3 Generation System (5)
Module 4 Transmission System (6-7)
Module 5 Distribution System (7-8)
Module 6 Introduction to Power Flow Studies (9-10)
Module 7 Fault in Electric Power System (11-12)
Module 8 Power System Protection (13-14)
Lecture Plan
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Teaching & Assessment Approaches

Teaching Approaches
Lecture (14 weeks)
Tutorial (Each module)
Project & Assignment
Prototype of Electrical Power System (Due: Week 5)
Matlab Simulation on Power Flow/ Fault Analysis

Assessment Approaches
1. Quiz : 05%
2. Assignment : 05%
3 Test : 30%
4. Project : 15%
5. Others : 05%
6. Final Examination : 40%
Total : 100%

Lecture Plan
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References
1. Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems; Theodore Wildi, Prentice
Hall, 2006.
2. Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals; Chapman Stephen J.,
McGraw-Hill, 2002.
3. Power System Analysis (2nd Edition); Hadi Saadat, Prentice Hall, 2004.
4. Electric Power Systems (4th Edition); Weedy B. M. and Cory B. J., John
Wiley & Sons, 1998.

Other References :
1. Electrical Power and Controls (2nd Edition); Timothy L. S, William E. D.,
Prentice Hall, 2004.
2. Power System Analysis and Design (3rd Edition); J. Duncan Glover and
Mulukutla S. Sarma,a. Brooks/ Cole Thomson Learning, 2002.
3. Introduction to Power System Technology; Theodore R. Bosela, Prentice
Hall, 1997.

Lecture Plan
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Introduction to Power
System
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Introduction to Power System
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Electric Power System
1.3 The Sources of Electric Energy
1.4 Modern Electric Power System
1.5 National Grid, Malaysia
1.6 Representation of Electric Power
System
1.7 Basic Computer Analysis of Electric
Power System

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Introduction
What is Electric Power System?
Electric power system is a composite system of
generation, transmission, and distribution systems.
Generation
Stations
Transmission
Lines
Distribution
Systems
Step-up
Transformers
Step-down
Transformers
Consumers
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Introduction
The electricity produced by a generator travels along cables to
a transformer, which changes electricity from low voltage to
high voltage. Electricity can be moved long distances more
efficiently using high voltage.
Transmission lines are used to carry the electricity to a
substation.
Substations have transformers that change the high voltage
electricity into lower voltage electricity.
From the substation, distribution lines carry the electricity to
homes, offices and factories, which require low voltage
electricity.
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Introduction
How is Electricity Measured?
Electricity is measured in units of power called WATTS.
1 W = 1 J/s
1 hp = 745.7 W use in machine rating.
A kilowatt represents 1,000 watts.
A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is equal to the energy of 1,000
watts working for one hour.
For example, if you use a 100 W light bulb 8 hours a day, you have
used 800 W of power, or 0.8 kWh of electrical energy.
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History of Electric Power Systems
Thomas A. Edison opens
Pearl St. Station, NYC Waterwheel-driven dc generator
installed in Appleton, Wisconsin
Frank J. Sprague produces
dc motor for Edison systems
Nikola Tesla presents paper
on two-phase ac induction
and synchronous motors
First three-phase ac
transmission line in Germany
(12 kV, 179 km)
First transmission lines installed
in Germany (2400 V dc, 59 km)
William Stanley develops
commercially practical
transformer
First single-phase ac
transmission line in US,
in Oregon (4 kV, 21 km)
First three-phase ac
transmission line in US, in
California (2.3 kV, 12 km)
1882
1884
1885/6
1888
1889
1891
1893
1882
1882
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Electricity
flow of electrical power or charge from one
point to another
The secondary energy sources that generated
from the conversion of other sources of
energy, such as hydro, boimass,etc

Sources of Electric Energy
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Conventional/ Primary Sources
Fossil Fuels
Coal
Oil (Diesel/ Petroleum)
Natural Gas
Nuclear power
Hydropower
Renewable/ Secondary Sources
Geothermal power
Solar power
Wind power
Tidal power
Biomass
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Coal fossil fuel extracted from the ground
-Has been used since the Industrial
Revolution
-Easy to use because they require
simple direct combustion
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Natural Gas gaseous fossil fuel
consisting primarily of methane
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Nuclear power is a method in which steam is
produced by heating water through a process
called nuclear fission
- Other methods for nuclear reaction:
nuclear fusion and radioactive decay
- All utility-scale reactors heat water to
produce steam, which is then converted
into mechanical work for the purpose of
generating electricity or propulsion.
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Hydropower is a process in which flowing water
is used to spin a turbine connected to a generator
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Geothermal power is electricity generated by
utilizing naturally occurring geological heat sources
-Geothermal resources:
-shallow ground
-hot water and rock
-magma
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Solar power describes a number of methods of
harnessing energy from the light of the Sun
22
Wind power is derived from the conversion of
the energy contained in wind into electricity
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Biomass (wood, agricultural waste, such
as rice husk and bagasse, are some other
energy sources for producing electricity.
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Energy Generation According
to Fuel Mix in Malaysia - 2003
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Future Trends of Energy Sources
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Modern Electric Power Systems
A modern complex interconnected power
system can be subdivided into 4 major parts:
Generation
Transmission & Subtransmission
Distribution
Loads
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Generation
Generators
3-phase ac synchronous generator or alternator.
Have 2 rotating fields rotor (synchronous speed and
excited by dc current) & stator windings (3-phase
armature current).
Size of generators 50 MW to 1500 MW.
Mechanical power prime mover (hydraulic turbines,
steam turbines, gas turbines).
Steam/ Gas turbines high speeds, 1800/ 3600 rpm.
Hydraulic turbines low speed, 150 300 rpm.
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Transformers
Step-up transformers are used to increase the voltage
level for long distances power transmission.
The power transferred to the secondary is almost the
same as the primary.
In modern utility system, the power may undergo 4 or 5
transformations between generator and ultimate user.
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Transformer at Kenyir
Dam Hydroelectric
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Transmission and Subtransmission
Transfer electric energy from generating units at various
locations to the distribution system.
Transfer of power between regions during emergencies.
In Malaysia, transmission voltage are standardized at 66
kV, 132 kV, 275 kV, and 500 kV line-to-line.
Subtransmission connects the HV substation through
step-down transformers to the distribution substation.
Typical subtransmission voltage level ranges from 66 kV
to 132 kV.
Capacitor banks/ reactor banks are used to maintain the
transmission line voltage.
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Step Down Transformer at Subtransmission Network
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Distribution
The primary distribution lines are ranging from 6.6 kV to
33 kV.
The secondary distribution lines are normally at 415 V and
240 V.
Distribution systems are both overhead and underground.

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Loads
Divided into industrial, commercial, and residential.
Very large industrial loads may be served from the
transmission system.
Industrial loads mostly induction motors.
Commercial & residential loads lighting, heating, and
cooling.
Greatest value of load during a 24-hr period is called peak or
maximum demand.
Daily Load factor = average load X 24 hr/ peak load X 24 hr.
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National Grid, Malaysia
National Grid is the primary electricity
transmission network linking the electricity
generation, transmission, distribution and
consumption in Malaysia.
It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional
Berhad (TNB).
More than 420 substations in Peninsular
Malaysia are linked together by the extensive
network of transmission lines operating at 132,
275 and 500 kilovolts (kV).
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The power generation capacity connected
to the National Grid is 18,391 MW.
The generation capacity is about :
82% : thermal power stations
18% : hydroelectric power stations.
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Listed below are the power connected to
the Malaysian National Grid on Malaya:
Tenaga Nasional with 11,296 MW installed
capacity
Malakoff with 4,393 MW installed capacity
Powertek with 1,490 ME installed capacity
YTL Power with 1,212 MW installed capacity.
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Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Tenaga Nasional Berhad is the largest
electricity utility company in Malaysia and also
the largest power company in Southeast.
TNB's core activities are in the generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity.
The TNB Group has a generation capacity of
11,296 MW.
TNB generates electricity mainly from two major
types of plant; hydroelectric plants and thermal
plants.
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Representation of EPS
One-line Diagram
B
Y
R
3-phase system single-phase system
One-line diagram is a simplified single-phase circuit
diagram of a balanced three-phase electric power system.
It is indicated by a single line and standard apparatus
symbols.
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Apparatus Symbols of One-line Diagram
Machine or rotating armature
Two-winding power transformer
Three-winding power transformer
Power circuit breaker, oil/ liquid
Air circuit breaker
Load
Or
Or
Or
Or
Cont
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Apparatus Symbols of One-line Diagram
A
V
Or
Current
transformer
Busbar
Transmission line
Fuse
Potential
transformer
Three-phase, three-
wire delta connection
Three-phase wye,
neutral ungrounded
Three-phase wye,
neutral grounded
Ammeter
Voltmeter
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One-line Diagram
The information on a one-line diagram is vary according to the problem at
hand and the practice of the particular company preparing the diagram.
Load/ Power Flow Study
Transient Stability Study
Example :
44
Advantages of One-line Diagram
Simplicity.
One phase represents all three phases of the balanced
system.
The equivalent circuits of the components are replaced
by their standard symbols.
The completion of the circuit through the neutral is
omitted.
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Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
Impedance (Z = R + jX) diagram is converted from one-
line diagram showing the equivalent circuit of each
component of the system. It is needed in order to
calculate the performance of a system under load
conditions (Load flow studies) or upon the occurrence of a
short circuit (fault analysis studies).
Reactance (jX) diagram is further simplified from
impedance diagram by omitting all static loads, all
resistances, the magnetizing current of each transformer,
and the capacitance of the transmission line. It is apply to
fault calculations only, and not to load flow studies.
Impedance and reactance diagrams sometimes called the
Positive-sequence diagram.
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1
2
3
Load B
T2
T1
Load A
Example : One-line diagram of an electric power system
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E1 E2 E3
Gen.
3
Load
B
Transformer
T2
Transmission
Line
Transformer
T1
Load
A
Generators
1 and 2
Impedance diagram corresponding to the one-line diagram of Example 1.2
48
Reactance diagram corresponding to the one-line diagram of Example 1.2
E1 E2 E1
Generators
1 and 2
Transmission
Line
Transformer
T2
Gen.
3
Transformer
T1
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Per-unit Representation
Common quantities used in power system analysis are
voltage (kV), current (kA), voltamperes (kVA or MVA),
and impedance ().
It is very cumbersome to convert currents to a different
voltage level in a power system having two or more
voltage levels.
Per-unit representation is introduced such that the
various physical quantities are expressed as a decimal
fraction or multiples of base quantities and is defined as:

quantity of value base
quantity actual
unit - per in Quantity =
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Example :
For instance, if a base voltage of 275 kV is chosen, actual voltages of
247.5 kV, 275 kV, and 288.75 kV become 0.90, 1.00, and 1.05 per-unit.
For simplicity, per-unit is always written as pu.
For single-phase systems:

| |
| |
|
|
1 1
1 1
1
2
LN
LN
LN
1
MVA base MW power, Base
kVA base kW power, Base
MVA base
) kV voltage, (base
impedance Base
A current, base
V voltage, base
impedance Base
kV voltage, base
kVA base
A current, Base
=
=
=
=
=
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| |
| |
|
|
3 3
3 3
3
2
LL
LL
3
MVA base MW power, Base
kVA base kW power, Base
MVA base
) kV voltage, (base
impedance Base
kV voltage, base X 3
kVA base
A current, Base
=
=
=
=
For three-phase systems:

52
Example :
A three-phase, wye-connected system is rated at 100 MVA and 132 kV.
Express 80 MVA of three-phase apparent power as a per-unit value
referred to
(a) the three-phase system MVA as base and
(b) the single-phase system MVA as base.

(a) For the three-phase base,
Base MVA = 100 MVA = 1 pu
and Base kV = 132 kV (LL) = 1 pu
so Per-unit MVA = 80/100 = 0.8 pu
(b) For the single-phase base,
Base MVA = 1/3 X 100 MVA = 33.333 MVA = 1 pu
and Base kV = 132/3 = 76.21 kV = 1 pu
so Per-unit MVA = 1/3 X 80/33.333 = 0.8 pu
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Changing the Base of Per-unit Quantities
The impedance of individual generators and
transformers are generally in terms of % or pu quantities
based on their own ratings (By manufacturer).
For power system analysis, all impedances must be
expressed in pu on a common system base. Thus, it is
necessary to convert the pu impedances from one base
to another (common base, for example: 100 MVA).
Per-unit impedance of a circuit element

2
kV) voltage, (base
MVA) (base X ) impedance, (actual O
=
54
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
old
new
2
new
old
old new
MVA base
MVA base
kV base
kV base
unit Z - per unit Z - Per
The equation shows that pu impedance is directly
proportional to base MVA and inversely proportional to
the square of the base voltage.
Therefore, to change from old base pu impedance to
new base pu impedance, the following equation applies:
Example 1.5:
The reactance X of a generator is given as 0.20 pu based on the
generators nameplate rating of 13.2 kV, 30 MVA. The base for
calculations is 13.8 kV, 50 MVA. Find X on this new base.

pu 306 . 0
30
50
13.8
13.2
0.20 x"
2
= |
.
|
\
|
=
55
Example :
A 30 MVA 13.8 kV three-phase generator has a subtransient reactance
of 15%. The generator supplies two motors over a transmission line
having transformers at both ends, as shown in the one-line diagram
below. The motors have rated inputs of 20 MVA and 10 MVA, both 12.5
kV with x = 20%. The three-phase transformer T1 is rated 35 MVA,
13.2 115Y kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Transformer T2 is
composed of three single-phase transformers each rated at 10 MVA,
12.5 67Y kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Series reactance of the
transmission line is 80 . Draw the reactance diagram with all
reactances marked in per unit. Select the generator rating as base in
the generator circuit.

Cont
1
2
(13.8 kV)
k
n
(120 kV)
l m
T1 T2
p
r
(12.9 kV)
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The three-phase rating of transformer T2 is 3 X 10 MVA = 30 MVA.
and its line-to-line voltage ratio is 12.5 3 X 67 = 12.5 116 kV.
A base of 30 MVA, 13.8 kV in the generator circuit requires a 30 MVA
base in all parts of the system and the following voltage bases:
In transmission line: 13.8(115/13.2) = 120 kV.
In motor circuit: 120(12.5/116) = 12.9 kV.
The reactances of the transformers converted to the proper base are:
Transformer T1: X = 0.1 (13.2/13.8)
2
(30/35) = 0.0784 pu.
Transformer T2: X = 0.1(12.5/12.9)
2
= 0.0940 pu.
The base impedance of the transmission line is
(120 kV)
2
/30 MVA = 480
and the reactance of the line is (80/480) = 0.167 pu.
Reactance of motor 1 = 0.2 (12.5/12.9)
2
(30/20) = 0.282 pu.
Reactance of motor 2 = 0.2 (12.5/12.9)
2
(30/10) = 0.563 pu.

Cont
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Eg Em2 Em1
jo.15
j0.0784
j0.167 j0.0940
j0.282 j0.563
p
r
n m
l
k
Reactance diagram :
58
Basic Computer Analysis of EPS
For a power system to be practical, it must be safe,
reliable, and economical. Hence, many analyses must
be performed to design and operate a power system.
However, the pre-requisite before the analyses can be
performed is the modelling tasks to model all
components of electric power systems.
The modelling and analysis of a power system require
the aid of PC.
The basic analyses of an electric power system are:
Load flow/ power flow analysis.
Fault analysis.
Stability analysis (steady state, dynamic , and transient
stabilities).
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Load Flow / Power Flow
A load flow study is the steady-state solution of an
electric power system for determination of the voltage,
current, power (both active, P and reactive power, Q),
and power factor at various points in the network.
Load flow studies are the backbone of power system
analysis and design such as planning, operation,
economic scheduling, transient stability and contingency
studies.
60
Fault Analysis
Fault studies concern about the determination of bus
voltage and line currents during various types of faults.
Faults occur in power system due to:
(1) Insulation failure in the equipments.
(2) Flashover of transmission lines initiated by lightning stroke.
(3) Mechanical damage to conductors and tower.
(4) Accidental faulty operation.
Faults are divided into three-phase balanced faults and
unbalanced faults (single line-to-ground fault, line-to-line
fault, and double line-to-ground fault).
The relative frequency of occurrence of various faults are
3- fault (5%), double line-to-ground fault (10%), line-to-
line fault (15%), and 1- to ground fault (70%).
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Stability Analysis
Because the power system stability is an electro-
mechanical phenomena, it is thus defined as the ability of
designated synchronous machines in the system to
remain in synchronism with one another following
disturbances such as fault and fault removal at various
locations in the system.
Three types of stability are of concern: steady state,
dynamic, and transient stability.
Steady state stability relates to the response of a synchronous machine to a
gradually increasing load.
Dynamic stability involves the response to small disturbances that occur in the
system, producing oscillation. Also known as small signal stability.
Transient stability involves the response to large disturbances, which may cause
rather large changes in rotor speeds, power angles, and power transfer.

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