SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE FOR PROTECTION FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE IS ELIMINATION OF HAZARDS THROUGH ENGG.

CONTROL PPE DOES NOT ELIMINATE HAZRDS CAN REDUCE THE SEVERITYBY ACTING AS BARRIER BETWEEN HAZARD & WORKER

PPE may be defined as an equipment to be worn or held by the worker to protect against hazards likely to endanger his/her health and safety at workplace

ADEQUATE PROTECTION AGAINST HAZARD LIGHT IN WEIGHT & MAXIMUM COMFORT TO THE WEARER COMPATABLE WITH PROTECTIVE EFFICIENCY SHOULD NOT RESTRICT ESSENTIAL MOVEMENT OF THE WEARER DURABLE AND MAINTENANCE FREE CONFIRM TO ACCEPTABLE STANDARDS TO COMPLY WITH STATUTORY REQUIREMENT UNDER SECT 87 OF INDIAN FACTORIES ACT.

Actions or failure to act which result in injury. Employee negligence. Organizational Error.

Live as if you were to die tomorrow.

Learn as if you were to live forever.
6

Insufficient workspace lighting. Excessive noise. Slippery or unsafe floor. Extreme temperature expose. Inadequate protection when working with hazardous material. Unstable structure. Electrical problem. Machine malfunctioning or failure.

Nature of work Nature of hazard Effects due to exposure to the hazards Threshold limit value Part of Body Involved Relevant standard Duration of Exposure Annual requirement Life of equipment

NON RESPIRATORY & RESPIRATORY TYPES OF NON RESPIRATORY

HEAD PROTECTION EYE PROTECTION FACE PROTECTION EAR PROTECTION HAND PROTECTION BODY PROTECTION LEG/FOOT PROTECTION FALL PROTECTION

HEAD HOUSES THE BRAIN HELMETS OFFERS THE PROTECTION HELMET COMPRISING OF OUTER SHELL, INNER CRADLE, CHIN/NAPE STARAP & INTEGRAL PEAK CONFIRMS IS 2925-1984 MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION MAY BEPVC, FRP, HDPE, ALUMINIUM ETC., WITHSTAND THE IMPACT OF A PLUMB BALL TEST THE SHELL MUST BE PROVIDED WITH VENTIALTION HOLES

TYPE Safety Helmet

MATERIAL Alu.alloy,PVC, FRP &HDPE

PROTECTION AGAINST Falling Object & Hit against obstructions

Elecl. Helmet
Welders Cap Crash Helmet

Non conduct./PVC
Leather with cloth lining Fiber/plastic material

Electric shock

Falling welding spatters

Skull Injuries in road accidents

Eyes are our windows to the world Direct and Instant communication that the Body has with environment. If eyesight is lost everything lost Eyes are precious vital part of our Body If we neglect them ,it may cause irreversible damage

HAZARDS Mechanical

OPERATIONS Grinding, chipping,cutting,dust, chips, sparks etc., Splashing and fumes Heat radiation and Glare

Chemical Thermal

Radiation

UV and Infrared from welding

TYPE
Spectacle type Goggles

PROTECTION AGAINST
Flying Bodies etc.,)

(Dust Metal chips

Panorama goggle
Leather-Mask Goggle Chemical Goggles Gas-tight Goggles Welding Goggles Welding shields

Oil and paint splashes, dust and chip exposure

Smoke, Dust, foreign Bodies Chemicals and toxic dusts Irritating fumes, vapors and gases Gas welding/cutting , flames and sparks Arc welding/cutting and sparks

SHATTER PROOF CLEAR AND TRANSPARENT FREE FROM OPTICAL DEFECTS LESS FOGGY SCRATCH RESISTANT GOOD VENTILATION WITH SIDE PROTECTION GOOD FACE FIT

Hearing is one of lifes most precious gifts A child with defective hearing may have severe difficulty in learning to speak Too much noise can damage hearing temporarily or even permanently Noise can affect ones physical and mental well being and cause accidents in workplace Hearing conservation is protecting your ear (hearing) from potentially damaging levels of sound

Psychological - Can Startle, Annoy, And Disrupt Concentration, Sleep, Or Relaxation Interference With Communication, Resulting In Interference With Job Performance And Safety Physiological - Noise Induced Hearing Loss, Aural Pain, Or Even Nausea

Sound Pressure - Level Of Sound Wave Energy Measured In Decibels Sound - Pressure Variations In The Air That Can Be Detected By The Ear Noise - Sound That Provides No Information; Unwanted Sound Attenuation - Process Of Reducing Sound To Acceptable Levels

Hertz (Hz)- Measurement Of Sound Frequencies Per Second Decibel (dB) - Logarithmic Scale For Sound Volume Measurement Normal Hearing Range For Human Ear Is Between 20 And 20,000 Hz

Normal Hearing - 25 dBA At 500 To 2,000 Hz. Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) - An 8Hour Exposure To 90 dBA Of Sound 5 dBA Doubling Rate - Each Increase In dBA By 5 Reduces The PEL By Half

TOTAL TIME OF EXPOSURE PERDAY IN HOURS

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SOUND LEVEL IN dB(A)

8 6 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.75 0.5 0.25

90 92 95 97 100 102 105 107 110 115

Peak Sound Pressure Level in dB

Permitted no. of impulses or impacts per day

140 135 130 125 120

100 315 1000 3160 10000

No Exposure in excess of No exposure in excess of 115 dB(A) is to be 140 dB peak sound permitted in case of pressure level is Continuous Noise permitted

115 dBA Is Maximum Level Without Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 140 dBA Is Maximum Impulse Or Impact Level Monitoring Program Must Be Started If A Time-Weighted-Average Of 85 dBA Over An 8Hour Period Is Exceeded

Noise Intensity Or Sound Pressure Frequency Or Pitch Length Of Daily Exposure Duration Of Exposure In Years Individual Susceptibility Other Factors (Disease, Genetics, Lifestyle, Age, Etc.)

Ear Plugs - Premolded Rubber Ear Plugs - Foam Rubber Ear Plugs - Custom Molded Ear Muffs Canal Caps

Hands are the two busiest , most important, indispensable and invaluable and vulnerable tools the human body has. Hands and Fingers are a set of amazingly dexterous tools with the strength to grasp, grip, lift, push , pull, squeeze, twist and hold things Sensitive to touch, response to pressure, temperature and pain Have the flexibility and co ordination to perform highly complicated and intricate jobs

Absorption Of Hazardous Substances Potential Cuts Or Lacerations Severe Abrasions Possible Skin Punctures Potential Chemical Burns Potential Thermal Burns Harmful Temperatures

 Dermatitis Carpel

Tunnel Syndrome Reynauds Syndrome

Task Being Performed Environmental Conditions Present Expected Duration Of Exposure Actual Or Potential Hazards Identified PPE Required To Be Used Employees Safety Attitude

TYPE
LEATHER GLOVES ALUMINISED FABRIC GLOVES ASBESTOS GLOVES

PROTECTION AGAINST
CUTS/BRUISES/ABRASIONS/L ACERATIONS FLAMES, INTENSE HEAT RADIATION,BURN INJURY

- DO -

ACID ALKALI PROOOF GLOVES CORROSSIVE CHEMICALS (RUBBER, NEOPRENE OR PVC (ORGANIC ACID OR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS)

TYPE
LEAD LINE GLOVES (RUBBER LEATHER OR PLASTIC) CANVAS GLOVES ELECTRICAL GLOVES (INSULATED RUBBER WITH DIELCTRIC STRENGTH BARRIER CREAM

PROTECTS AGAINST
IONISING RADIATION (X RAY, GAMMA RAYS ETC.,) GREASE, OIL, DUST AND DIRT TO PREVENT SLIP ELCTRICAL SHOCK (TESTED UPTO 4000V)/INSULATION VALUE CONTACT DERMATITIS FROM SOLVENTS,LUBRICANTS AND OTHER OILS.

KEEP THE GLOVES IN PROPER STORAAGE RUBBER/PVC GLOVES MUST BE WASHED IN SOAP SOLUTION AND WATER AND DRIED IN AIR USE DUSTING POWDER LIKE CHALK POWDER TO PREVENT STICKY OR TACKINESS INSPECT AND TEST GLOVES FOR LEAKS ETC., EVERYDAY BEFORE USE RUBBER AND PLASTIC GLOVES MUST BE PROTECTED FROM HEAT/ SUN LIGHT

FOOT PROTECTION

For protection of feet from falling or rolling objects, sharp objects, contact with hazardous, corrosive , toxic chemicals, electricity, transmission of vibration, molten metal, hot surfaces, and wet slippery surfaces workers should use appropriate safety shoes, or boots.

FOOT PROBLEMS: Severely aching feet blisters, calluses, corns, hard flooring, rheumatism, arthritis, malformations of toes, fallen arches (flat feet), bunions, sprains

COMMON CAUSES: Long periods of standing, hard flooring, and poorly fitted footwear: high heals, pointed shoes, lack of arch support, too loose or too tight footwear

Foot Problems: Sweaty feet, fungal infections (Athletes Foot)

Common Causes: Hot and humid environment, strenuous work, footwear with synthetic (nonporous) uppers

Since the human foot is designed for mobility, maintaining an upright stance is extremely tiring. Continues standing can cause the joints of the feet to become mis-aligned (flat feet) and cause inflammation that can later lead to rheumatism and arthritis.

Tendon from peronaeus longus (extends under foot to base of 1st metatarsal) Soleus Tendon from gastrocnemius Talus

Peronaeus brevis

Tibia Extensor digitorum longus and peronaeus tertius Extensor digitorum brevis

Calcaneus

Abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis

Cuboid

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Foot wear that fits poorly or is in of repair contributes heavily to foot discomfort

INJURIES: Crushed or broken feet, amputation of toes or feet

COMMON CAUSES: Feet trapped between objects or caught in a crack, falls of heavy objects, moving vehicles (lift trucks)

Punctures of the sole of the foot

Loose nails, sharp metal or glass objects

INJURIES: Cuts or severed feet or toes

COMMON CAUSES: Chain saws, rotary mowers

Lacerations
Electric shocks

Unguarded machinery Static electricity, contact with sources of electricity

INJURIES:

COMMON CAUSES:

Burns

Molten metal splashes, chemical splashes, contact with fire, flammable or explosive atmospheres

INJURIES:

COMMON CAUSES:

Sprained or twisted ankles, fractured or broken bones because of slips, trips, or falls

Slippery floors, littered walkways, incorrect footwear, poor lighting

The first step in developing a strategy to reduce foot problems is to identify the relevant hazards at the workplace.

Aching, flat or tired feet are common among workers who spend most of their working time standing.

The most important goal of job design is to avoid fixed positions especially fixed standing positions.

Job rotation moves workers from one job to another Job enlargement includes more and different tasks in a workers duties Rest breaks, frequent short breaks are preferable to fewer long breaks

For standing jobs, an adjustable work surface is best Work station design should allow the worker room to change body position A foot rail or footrest enables workers to shift weight from one leg to another Where possible a worker should be allowed to work sitting or standing at will

Where resilient floors are not practical, foot wear with thick, insulating soles and shock absorbing insoles can alleviate discomfort Anti-fatigue matting

PVC footwear protects your feet against moisture and improves traction. Butyl footwear protects against most ketones, aldehydes, alcohol's, acids, salts, and alkalis. Vinyl footwear resists solvents, acids, alkalis, salts, water, grease, and blood. Latex/Rubber footwear resists chemicals and provides extra traction on slippery surfaces.

Select and use the right kind of footwear for the job you are going to be performing. Footwear should meet or exceed the standards set by BIS Avoid footwear made of leather or cloth if you work around acids or caustics. These chemicals quickly eat through the leather or cloth, and can injure your feet.

Select footwear that fits. Inspect your footwear before you use them. Look for holes and cracks that might leak. Replace footwear that is worn or torn. After working with chemicals, hose your footwear with water to rinse away any chemicals or dirt before removing your footwear. Avoid borrowing footwear. Footwear is personal protective equipment. Store footwear in a clean, cool, dry, ventilated area.

Carbon steel toe cap of 1.4 1.6 mm thickness Ankle to a height of 12cm Soles of shore hardness of 55A The toe cap under an impact of 14 Kg should not distort or depress so as to reduce the clearance inside the shoe to less than 13.5 mm

Your Feet are one of your greatest assets.

Protect them!

THE SKIN IS THE BODYS FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE IN HAZARDOUS WORK ENVIRONEMNTS, THE SKIN IS THE MOST VULNERABLE TO ACCIDENT AND INFECTION FROM EXPOSURE FOR YOUR OWN BODYS WELL BEING, PROTECT YOUR SKIN AGAINST ALL HAZARDS BOTH AT HOME AND AT WORK

PHYSICAL HAZARDS -ENVIRONEMNTAL

AND MECHANICAL.

CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES - INORGANIC

ACIDS AND SALTS, HYDROCARBONS,OIL, TARS, PITCH AND DYES

PLANT PRODUCTS - LEAVES, SATEMS, SAP,

ROOTS, BULBS, FLOWERS, FRUITS, VEGETABLES, WOOD DUST, RESINS AND LACQUERS

LIVING AGENTS BACTERIA, VIRUSES,

FUNGI, PARASITES, INSECTS, AND MITES

TYPE
LEATHER APRON ASBESTOS APRON,ASBESTOS HOOD WITH VISOR PVC APRON, ACID/ALKALI PROOF RUBBER APRON, FACE SHIELD WITH VISOR LEAD APRON BARRIER CREAM

PROTECTS AGAINST
HOT MATERIALS LIKE HOT CHIPS, MOLTEN SLAG, ETC., HEAT RADIATION CHEMICAL SPLASHES

IONISING RADIATION X-RAY, GAMMA RAYS CONTACT DERMATITIS WHILE HANDLING LUBRICANTS, SOLVENTS, ETC.,

PVC suits can be used for handling acid, alkalis or chemicals Air supplied suits to be worn with proper air source for chemical with toxic/offensive odours Aluminised suits with independent air supply for fire fighting operations

Fall Arrest Fall Restraint

Falls account for a sizable percentage of injury Safety net offer protection over an area Can be used on the nature of job Nets must be properly tied on all sides firmly

As per BIS Specification 3521:1983 Webbing can be of leather, nylon or synthetic material The material for buckles, D ring and clamp should be metal with nickel plating or SS The life line clamp should be of a locking type and should not open up even under a jerk

The life line should be of nylon and the length can be maximum of 5 Mts The life line must be secured to an independent firm anchor The belts must be numbered and inspected Must be certified/tested annually by external agency Defective belts must be destroyed Suitable register must be maintained by the user department

The respiratory system consisting of vital organs of the Body Very core of a human being If it collapses, life itself is extinguished Best protection must be given against the hazards of the workplace that threatens the respiratory system

Oxygen deficient air Harmful toxic contaminant in the atmosphere

Air-purifying respirators
Filters (for particulates) Cartridges (for gases or vapors) - may have filters, too Canisters (used with gas masks -- large capacity) Oxygen must be > 19.5%

Atmosphere supplying respirators

SCBAs Supplied air respirators (Type C or CE) Combinations of SCBAs and SARs

NIOSH: IDLH based on two factors: worker must be able to escape within 30 min without losing life or suffering permanent health damage, and worker must be able to escape without severe eye or respiratory irritation or other reactions that could inhibit escape also, atmospheres > LEL are IDLH

1. Determine type of hazard(s) like to occur 2. Determine adverse effects of unprotected exposures 3. See if other control options can be used 4. Determine performance characteristics needed for protection 5. Determine need for decontamination 6. Determine ergonomic constraints presented 7. Determine cost of various options 8. Make the selection

Works management should control major hazard installations by sound engineering and management practices. good plant design, fabrication and installation, including the use of high-standard components. regular plant maintenance; good plant operation; good management of safety on site; regular inspection of the installation, with repair and replacement of components where necessary.
R.Sangwan 68